Table 1.

Genetic models of core clock gene disruption affecting β-cell function and glucose metabolism.

Gene disrupted	Metabolic phenotype	Refs.
Bmal1 (Global)	Impaired gluconeogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance	[34,50]
Bmal1 – since birth (Pancreas using Pdx-1 Cre)	Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, β-cell dysfunction	[34,35]
Bmal1 – since birth (β-cell specific using Rip-Cre)	Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, β-cell dysfunction	[36]
Bmal1 – only in adult (β-cell specific using Mip-Cre/ERT)	Impaired compensatory hyperplasia in response to diet-induced obesity	[75]
Bmal1 – only in adult (β-cell specific using Pdx1-CreER)	Hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, β-cell dysfunction	[69]
Clock (Global)	Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperleptinemia	[52]
Cry1&2 (Global)	Glucose intolerance	[55]