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. 2018 Apr 20;8:6307. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24892-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological sections of femur defect. After one week post-surgery (A) Control, (B) Sham, and (C) Electrically stimulated groups were stained with Alcian Blue, Orange-G and Hematoxylin. Histological assessment at this time point showed no regeneration in control and sham groups. Arrow shows endochondral ossification center in electrically stimulated group, (scale bar = 1 mm). At eight weeks post-surgery (D) Control, (E) Sham, and (F) Electrically stimulated groups, were assessed with the same histological staining, (Scale bar = 500 μm). Bottom rows are higher magnification images from the location of interest; (d1) fibrous connective tissue within the defect in the control group, (d2) scaffold material covered with fibrous tissue, (e1) fibrous connective tissue within the defect in the sham group, (e2) scaffold material covered with mixed tissues, (f1) cartilaginous and bony tissues within the defect in the experimental group, and (f2) scaffold material covered with cartilaginous and bony tissues, (20×) (scale bar = 50 μm).