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. 2018 Apr 20;8:6307. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24892-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vivo rat model and electrical stimulation set-up. (A) Schematic shows the electrical stimulation device and the location of the anode and cathode in the defect. Device consists of a 1.2 V battery, 10 MΩ resistor, stainless steel cathode (shown in black) and platinum anode (shown in red). Cathode located within the defect, and the anode located in muscle tissue close to the defect area. (B) Dorsal view of rat with surgical incision and implanted device (arrow). (C) Surgical incision exposing right femur defect stabilized with stainless steel plate and screws, and electrodes (arrow) tunneled from the device to the defect area.