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. 2018 Apr 20;8:6308. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24205-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sampling locations and the characteristics in hand specimen of studied Japanese spherical carbonate concretions. (A) Teshio concretions (L1); (B) Yatsuo tusk-shell concretions (L2), and (C) Morozaki ‘ghost-shrimp’ concretions (L3). Teshio concretions from Hokkaido with rounded impressions in their centers suggesting the presence of a non-skeletal animal (arrows: A1). δ¹³C data also suggest an organic carbon origin. (D) X-ray diffractograms for each concretion shows a clear calcite peak. Index map is based on the data of Geospatial Information Authority of Japan website (http://www.gsi.go.jp/maps.gsi.go.jp). All photographs (A–C) shown here are taken by H.Yoshida.