Figure 5.

The Agelas extracts augment IR-induced ROS production. (a) Hep3B cells were pre-incubated with 10 µg/mL of AE1 or AE2 and CM-H₂DCFDA for 3 h, followed by exposure to 6 Gy of IR. After 48 h of incubation, intracellular ROS levels were determined by DCF fluorescence using Flow cytometry. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (b) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abolished the induction of ER-stress and autophagy by the Agelas extracts. Pre-treatment with 5 mM NAC decreased AE1-induced expression of ATF4 and LC3B-II. PBS, phosphate buffered saline. Uncropped images are shown in Supplementary Fig. S3. (c) Schematic diagram of how the Agelas extracts increase radiosensitization in Hep3B cells.