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. 2018 Apr 20;8:6316. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24752-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ESR spectra of hydroxyl free radicals based on DI water and PIA water. (a) Spectra of DI water (black line) and PIA water (red line) for reference. (b) Spectra of DI water plus the antioxidant L-ascorbic acid (black line) and PIA water plus L-ascorbic acid (1.775 µM) (red line). Hydroxyl free radicals were obtained using the well-known Fenton reaction, in which ferrous iron donates an electron to hydrogen peroxide to produce a hydroxyl free radical.