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. 2018 Apr 20;8:6316. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24752-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Induction of Nrf2 expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) exposed to PIA water. HGFs were incubated in culture medium prepared with DI or PIA water for 0, 3, 6, and 9 h. Nrf2 mRNA expression levels were quantified by a real-time PCR, and results are presented as the relative normalized expression with GAPDH. Data were analyzed by Student’s t-test, and results are presented as the mean ± SD. **p < 0.01. The corresponding p values are 0.00521 and 0.00453 for 3 and 6 hours, respectively.