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. 2018 Apr 20;8:6306. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24782-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scanning electron microscopy confirmed abnormal cell morphologies in adult multi-Hox mutant cystic kidneys. Mutant tubules showed regions of tightly packed microvilli consistent with proximal tubule brush border (i) interspersed among distal tubule/collecting duct cells³⁷ (ii) with sparse microvilli (C’; higher magnification in C”). Conversely, cystic tubules consisting of primarily proximal tubule cells (i) contained interspersed cells with short, sparse microvilli³⁷ (ii) consistent with distal tubule/collecting duct cells^28,37 (D’; higher magnification in D”), not observed in control kidney proximal tubules (A’) or collecting ducts (B’). N = 3 controls and 4 mutants.