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. 2016 Jun 2;67(1):235–245. doi: 10.1007/s12576-016-0460-5

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — Effect of nicotine on LPS-induced morphological change of microglia. a Effects of LPS and nicotine on cellular morphology of microglia. Microglial cells were treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h. Nicotine (1 μM) was pre-treated for 1 h before application of LPS. Immunofluorescence stained with anti-Iba-1 antibody (labeled with Alexa Fluor 488; green), and anti-phalloidin (anti-F-actin antibody) (labeled with Alexa Fluor 568; red) are shown. b Images in white squares in a are enlarged with different scale. More filopodia and membrane ruffling (actin polymerization) are shown in LPS-treated microglia