Table 3.
Associations between As exposure* (μg/L) and child performance on the Woodcock-Muñoz cognitive battery – stratified by %MMA.
| Low %MMA β (95% CI) |
High %MMA β (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 11 | Model 22 | |
| Verbal comprehension | −0.16 (−1.75, 1.43) | 0.94 (−1.30, 3.18) | 1.08 (−0.75, 2.92) | 0.20 (−3.43, 3.82) |
| Visual-auditory learning | 1.55 (0.58, 2.52) | 1.57 (1.15, 1.99) | 1.37 (−0.67, 3.41) | −0.67 (−2.37, 1.04) |
| Spatial relations | −0.37 (−1.48, 0.75) | 0.34 (−0.17, 0.85) | 0.53 (−2.06, 3.12) | 0.271 (−3.18, 3.71) |
| Sound integration | 0.79 (−1.18, 2.75) | 2.75 (−0.92, 6.41) | 6.31 (−1.23, 13.85) | −0.31 (−5.78, 5.16) |
| Concept formation | 1.40 (−1.01, 3.82) | 2.04 (−0.85, 4.93) | −0.85 (−4.81, 3.11) | −4.43 (−8.09, −0.77) |
| Visual matching | −0.49 (−1.61, 0.64) | −0.39 (−2.04, 1.25) | 2.13 (−0.14, 4.40) | 1.08 (0.03, 2.13) |
| Numbers reversed | 2.61 (−1.07, 6.29) | 5.76 (2.04, 9.47) | −2.29 (−10.41, 5.83) | −4.71 (−11.61, 2.19) |
| GIA score | 0.70 (−0.59, 1.99) | 1.64 (−0.35, 3.63) | 0.99 (−1.16, 3.14) | −1.39 (−3.71, 0.93) |
| Verbal ability | −0.16 (−1.75, 1.43) | 0.94 (−1.30, 3.18) | 1.12 (−0.69, 2.93) | 0.20 (−3.43, 3.82) |
| Thinking ability | 0.54 (−0.51, 1.58) | 1.07 (−0.66, 2.80) | 1.20 (−1.20, 3.59) | −1.78 (−3.70, 0.13) |
| Cognitive efficiency | 3.27 (−1.29, 7.83) | 2.65 (0.01, 5.28) | 0.31 (−4.49, 5.12) | −1.33 (−5.59, 2.93) |
*
Total urinary As adjusted for specific gravity and then natural log transformed.
1
adjusted for school clusters at the design stage.
2
adjusted further for child’s sex, BMI for age z scores, serum ferritin, blood lead, hemoglobin, season, test administrator, mother’s education, crowding at home, HOME inventory score, parental smoking, source of drinking water, and household possessions.