Table 2.

Adjusted odds ratios associated with nicotine dependence by opioid dependence among adult daily smokers using data from the NSDUH, 2006–2014

	NDSS		FTND
	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI
Opioid Dependence	2.02	1.64, 2.48	1.56	1.32, 1.84
Male	0.77	0.72, 0.82	0.81	0.75, 0.87
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White (ref)	1.00		1.00
Non-Hispanic Black	0.77	0.69, 0.86	1.60	1.41, 1.80
Hispanic	0.85	0.75, 0.96	0.69	0.61, 0.78
Other	0.83	0.71, 0.96	0.92	0.78, 1.07
Education
College graduate (ref)	1.00		1.00
Some college	1.17	1.07, 1.29	1.36	1.20, 1.54
High-school grad	1.12	1.03, 1.23	1.66	1.47, 1.86
Less than high-school	1.23	1.11, 1.36	2.08	1.81, 2.40
Employment
Employed full-time (ref)	1.00		1.00
Employed part-time	1.13	1.03, 1.25	1.15	1.05, 1.26
Unemployed	1.36	1.23, 1.50	1.43	1.29, 1.59
Other (not in labor force)	1.34	1.22, 1.48	1.35	1.23, 1.47
Married	0.92	0.87, 0.98	0.82	0.76, 0.87
Age of first cigarette	0.95	0.94, 0.96	0.96	0.95, 0.97
Cigarettes per day	1.55	1.52, 1.59	1.60	1.56, 1.64
Alcohol dependence	1.76	1.60, 1.94	1.34	1.22, 1.47
Cannabis dependence	1.74	1.46, 2.09	1.33	1.15, 1.56
Stimulant dependence	1.09	0.74, 1.61	1.15	0.79, 1.69
Depression	1.37	1.24, 1.52	1.28	1.15, 1.41
Anxiety	1.28	1.15, 1.42	1.14	1.01, 1.30

Note.

Abbreviations: AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NDSS = Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale; FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (time to first cigarette<30 minutes). Bolded text denotes statistical significance (p < 0.05). Final multiple logistic regression models included all variables in the table with NDSS and FTND as the outcome variable, respectively. Cigarettes per day was transformed to represent a 5-cigarette difference for a meaningful change in smoking. Age and survey year were also included in the model as nominal variables.