Table 2.

Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (expressed as percentages) and 95% confidence intervals for each diagnostic method compared to the reference standard (root cross-sectioning)

Method	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV
Direct visual	34.43 (22.73-47.69)	74.42 (63.87-83.22)	48.84 (33.31-64.54)	61.54 (51.49-70.91)
Loupe	40.98 (28.55-54.32)	76.74 (66.39-85.18)	55.56 (40.00-70.36)	64.71 (54.62-73.91)
Microscope	45.90 (33.06-59.15)	73.26 (62.62-82.23)	54.90 (40.34-68.87)	65.62 (55.23-75.02)
CBCT	88.52 (77.78-95.26)	88.37 (79.65-94.28)	84.37 (73.14-92.24)	91.57 (83.39-96.54)

PPV=positive predictive value; NPV=negative predictive method; CBCT=cone-beam computed tomography