Table 3. Selected cost- and cost-effectiveness analyses evaluating prostate cancer surveillance versus treatment since 2010.

Author	Year	Analysis	Treatment	Cost estimates	Notes
Corcoran et al. (57)	2010	Cost analysis	RP vs. WW/AS	Medicare payments [2008]	WW/AS less costly than up-front RP; magnitude dependent on biopsy frequency
Keegan et al. (58)	2012	Cost analysis	AS vs. Treatment (RP vs. RT vs. RT/ADT vs. BT vs. ADT)	Institutional direct costs [2007–2010]	AS cheapest at 5 years; BT cheaper at 10 years with every-other-year biopsy
Eldefrawy et al. (59)	2013	Cost analysis	AS vs. Treatment (RP vs. RT vs. BT)	Institutional direct/indirect costs [2012]	AS associated with the lowest 10-year costs
Hayes et al. (60)	2013	Cost-effectiveness analysis	AS vs. WW vs. Treatment	Medicare payments [2012]	WW cheapest approach; AS more expensive over lifetime than RP/BT for 65-year-old men

RP, radical prostatectomy; WW, watchful waiting; AS, active surveillance; RT, radiation therapy; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; BT, brachytherapy.