Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, and Drug Use Characteristics of Study Population
| Stimulant users | Stimulant nonusers | |
|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 18,166 | 54,917 |
| Gender | ||
| Male (%) | 67.0 | 54.5 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White (%) | 52.1 | 45.1 |
| Black (%) | 24.9 | 26.6 |
| Other (%) | 23.0 | 28.3 |
| Age | ||
| ≤5 (%) | 8.2 | 12.2 |
| 6–9 (%) | 41.0 | 25.7 |
| 10–14 (%) | 35.0 | 32.0 |
| 15–18 (%) | 15.8 | 30.1 |
| Medicaid eligibility category | ||
| Foster care (%) | 12.4 | 7.3 |
| Cash assistance (%) | 61.4 | 64.2 |
| Poverty (%) | 30.3 | 25.7 |
| Disability (%) | 53.9 | 62.6 |
| Comorbidities at baseline | ||
| Cerebral palsy (%) | 15.7 | 36.2 |
| Congenital nervous system anomalies (%) | 11.2 | 19.8 |
| Intellectual disability (ID) (%) | 29.8 | 39.7 |
| Head trauma (%) | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| ADHD/adjustment disorders (%) | 58.5 | 10.9 |
| Anxiety (%) | 6.4 | 2.8 |
| Autism (%) | 21.9 | 14.2 |
| Bipolar disorder (%) | 6.6 | 2.0 |
| Depression (%) | 6.9 | 3.1 |
| Oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (%) | 20.6 | 6.3 |
| Schizophrenia (%) | 2.1 | 1.1 |
| Sleep disorder (%) | 4.8 | 2.7 |
| Epilepsy types at baseline | ||
| Generalized nonconvulsive (%) | 12.9 | 10.3 |
| Generalized convulsive (%) | 21.5 | 25.1 |
| Focal (%) | 33.9 | 29.2 |
| Other (%) | 31.8 | 35.4 |
| Epilepsy severity at baseline | ||
| Intractable (%) | 16.3 | 17.4 |
| Nonintractable (%) | 75.6 | 73.0 |
| Unknown (%) | 8.1 | 9.6 |
| Number of AEDs at baseline | ||
| Mean (standard deviation) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.1) |
| AED medication possession ratio at baseline | ||
| 0 (%) | 30.2 | 27.2 |
| 0.80–1.00 (%) | 41.4 | 50.3 |
| 0.01–0.79 (%) | 28.4 | 22.6 |
| AED at baseline (>0.5%) | ||
| Carbamazepine (%) | 17.2 | 18.6 |
| Clonazepam (%) | 3.0 | 5.5 |
| Diazepam (%) | 6.1 | 9.6 |
| Divalproex (%) | 28.0 | 23.9 |
| Ethosuximide (%) | 1.7 | 1.5 |
| Felbamate (%) | 0.5 | 0.9 |
| Gabapentin (%) | 2.3 | 2.4 |
| Lamotrigine (%) | 9.3 | 9.6 |
| Levetiracetam (%) | 6.3 | 9.4 |
| Lorazepam (%) | 1.6 | 2.4 |
| Oxcarbazepine (%) | 10.8 | 8.4 |
| Phenobarbital (%) | 2.8 | 10.0 |
| Phenytoin (%) | 2.9 | 4.9 |
| Topiramate (%) | 8.6 | 10.5 |
| Zonisamide (%) | 2.8 | 3.5 |
| Drugs that may increase the seizure risk (prevalence ≥1%) | ||
| Amoxicillin (%) | 26.5 | 26.0 |
| Ciprofloxacin (%) | 3.0 | 3.8 |
| Desmopressin (%) | 2.7 | 1.0 |
| Ofloxacin (%) | 1.9 | 2.3 |
| Non-AED psychotropic drugs at baseline | ||
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (%) | 8.9 | 4.3 |
| Non-SSRI antidepressants (%) | 7.0 | 3.3 |
| Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) (%) | 19.0 | 8.0 |
| Other antipsychotics (non-AAPs) (%) | 1.3 | 0.9 |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; AED, antiepileptic drug.