Table 1. Summary of articles utilized in this study, as well as complications observed.
| First author | Year | Type of study | Sample size | Complications observed | Number of complications (% if applicable) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barnett (12) | 1982 | Review | n/a | Local infection | n/a |
| Perforation of inner table | n/a | ||||
| Barsoum (13) | 1999 | Case Report | 1 | CN VI palsy | 1 |
| Bithal (14) | 2006 | Prospective | 36 | Increased IOP | n/a |
| Blumberg (15) | 1993 | Cadaveric biomechanical | 10 | Pin slippage | n/a |
| Skull fracture at pin site | n/a | ||||
| Celli (16) | 1985 | Case Report | 1 | Brain abscess | 1 |
| Choo (6) | 1996 | Case Report | 1 | Perforation of inner table | 1 |
| Cotler (17) | 1993 | Prospective | 24 | None | 0 |
| Feldman (5) | 1976 | Case Report | 1 | Perforation of inner table | 1 |
| Grant (18) | 1999 | Retrospective | 82 | Neurological deterioration | 1 (1.3%) |
| Grundy (3) | 1983 | Retrospective | 16 | Cellulitis of scalp | 1 (6.3%) |
| Pin slippage | 3 (18.8%) | ||||
| Asymmetrical position | 2 (12.5%) | ||||
| Kaufman (9) | 1976 | Review | n/a | Tong loosening | n/a |
| Kepler (4) | 2015 | Review | 368 | None | 0 |
| Koreckij (8) | 2011 | Prospective | 12 | None | 0 |
| Krag (19) | 1989 | Cadaveric biomechanical | 9 | Pin slippage | n/a |
| Lerman (20) | 2001 | Biomechanical | n/a | Pin slippage | n/a |
| Littleton (21) | 2000 | Cadaveric biomechanical | n/a | Perforation of inner table | n/a |
| Malomo (22) | 2006 | Case Report | 1 | None | 0 |
| Neville (23) | 1990 | Case Series | 7 | None | 0 |
| Nimityongskul (24) | 1992 | Case Report | 1 | Laceration of superficial temporal artery | 1 |
| Parada (25) | 2010 | Case Report | 1 | None | 0 |
| Reindl (26) | 2006 | Retrospective | 41 | None | 0 |
| Rimel (10) | 1981 | Review | n/a | None | n/a |
| Soyer (27) | 1999 | Case Report | 1 | Brain abscess | 1 |
n/a, not applicable; CN VI, cranial nerve VI; IOP, intraocular pressure.