Table 7.

Metabolomics analysis of PM.

Techniques	Biomarkers	Pathway analysis	Species, administration, and biological sample	Details	References
LC-MS	GDCA, HDCA	bile acids metabolism	Rats, p.o., repeated 42 days (50 g/kg/day of 75% ethanol extracts of PM and PMP, respectively), blood and bile samples	Eluted with CH3OH (containing 0.1% HCOOH): H2O (containing 0.1% HCOOH and 1mM CH3COONH4) (0 min: 70:30; 3 min: 80:20; 8 min: 90:10; 8.5 min: 95:5; 14.4 min: 100:0; 14.5 min: 70:30; 20 min: 70:30) On a Ulimate C18 column	Dong et al., 2015
GC-MS	18 biomarkers	amino acid, lipid and energy metabolism	Rats, p.o., repeated 28 days (30 g/kg/day of water and 80% ethanol extracts of PM, respectively), blood and liver tissues	The temperature program was 0–5 min: 80°C, 6–23 min: 80–260°C, 24–34 min: 260°C, on a HP-5MS column	Zhang et al., 2015
GC-MS	10 biomarkers	amino acid, fatty acid, and energy metabolism	Rats, p.o., repeated 28 days (19.2, 192, and 1920 mg/kg/day of 95% ethanol extracts of PM), serum samples	The temperature program was 0–25 min: 80–280°C, 25–29 min: 280°C, on a DB-5MS column	Xia et al., 2017
LC-MS	16 biomarkers	vitamin and tryptophan metabolism, citrate cycle	Rats, p.o., repeated 28 days (20 g/kg/day of 75% ethanol extractions of PM and PMP, respectively), urine samples	Eluted with CH3OH : H2O (0 min: 30:70; 5 min: 90:10; 5.1 min: 90:10; 40 min: 30:70) On an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column	Zhang C. E. et al., 2016
UHPLC-MS	21 biomarkers	sphingolipid metabolim and tricarboxylic acid cycle	Rats. p.o., different extracts of PM, blood samples	Eluted with H2O: CH3CN (both of them containing 0.1% HCOOH(0 min: 95:5; 1 min: 95:5; 9 min: 60:40; 19 min: 10:90; 21 min: 0:100; 25min: 0:100) On a ZORBOX RRHD C18 analytical column	Li et al., 2016