Table 3.

Growth Curve Models of Neighborhood Disadvantage for Black Formerly Incarcerated People

		Model1		Model2		Model3		Model4		Model5		Model6
		intercept	slope	intercept	slope	intercept	slope	intercept	slope	intercept	slope	intercept	slope
Months since release		0.016^***		0.014^***		0.015^**		0.016^***		0.013^**		0.021^***
Demographics
Age	26-30 (ref 18-25)	0.096	0.000	0.115^*	−0.001	0.106^*	0.000	0.094	0.000	0.125^**	−0.001	0.047	0.002
	31-35	0.042	−0.001	0.077	−0.003	0.071	−0.002	0.039	−0.001	0.098	−0.003	0.046	−0.001
	36-40	0.041	0.002	0.082	0.000	0.071	0.001	0.031	0.002	0.097	0.000	0.010	0.003
	41-45	0.140^**	−0.004	0.200^***	−0.006	0.172^**	−0.005	0.135^*	−0.004	0.227^***	−0.007	0.105^*	−0.002
	46-50	0.217^***	−0.004	0.276^***	−0.006	0.260^***	−0.005	0.208^***	−0.004	0.303^***	−0.007	0.122^*	0.000
	51-55	0.336^***	−0.008	0.423^***	−0.011	0.381^***	−0.009	0.327^***	−0.007	0.448^***	−0.012	0.262^***	−0.005
	56-60	0.194	0.007	0.293^*	0.004	0.223	0.007	0.188	0.008	0.303^*	0.005	0.113	0.012
	61-65	0.843^***	−0.016	0.935^***	−0.021	0.927^***	−0.018	0.846^***	−0.016	1.013^***	−0.023	0.525^**	−0.005
	66-71	0.100	0.000	0.054	0.001	0.182	−0.003	0.047	0.002	0.012	0.003	−0.210	0.011
Gender	Female (ref Male)	0.157^**	−0.010^***	0.174^***	−0.010^***	0.167^**	−0.010^***	0.156^**	−0.010^***	0.166^**	−0.010^***	−0.045	−0.002
Mental health	Mental illness recorded (ref No)	−0.055	0.000	−0.051	0.000	−0.053	0.000	−0.054	0	−0.056	0.000	−0.034	−0.001
Reasons for Attrition	Custody	−0.354^***	0.011^***	−0.347^***	0.010^***	−0.340^***	0.011^***	−0.291^***	0.008^***	−0.295^***	0.008^***	−0.273^***	0.007^**
	Abscond	0.048	−0.003	0.042	−0.003	0.045	−0.003	0.053	−0.003	0.040	−0.003	0.022	−0.001
	Move out state	0.506	0.002	0.502	0.002	0.505	0.002	0.506	0.002	0.479	0.003	0.569	−0.003
	Discharged	0.146	−0.006	0.158	−0.007	0.151	−0.007	0.171	−0.007	0.168	−0.008	0.172	−0.008
	Death	0.015	0.011	0.001	0.012	0.014	0.011	0.046	0.009	0.087	0.009	−0.034	0.017
Pre-Prison Neighborhood
Pre-prison neighborhood disadvantage score		0.410^***	−0.005^***	0.399^***	−0.004^***	0.403^***	−0.004^***	0.411^***	−0.005^***	0.392^***	−0.004^***	0.179^***	0.004^***
Pre-prison urbanicity	Suburban(ref Central City)	−0.061	0.001	−0.055	0.000	−0.060	0.001	−0.056	0.001	−0.060	0.001	−0.028	0.000
Pre-prison urbanicity	Rural	−0.327^**	0.013	−0.313^*	0.012	−0.336^**	0.012	−0.314^*	0.011	−0.317^*	0.011	−0.230^*	0.009
Same tract as pre-prison (ref. Different)		0.179^***	−0.001	0.179^***	−0.001	0.159^***	0.000	0.161^***	0	0.166^***	−0.001	0.137^***	0.001
Criminal History
Number of prior prison sentences	2^nd Prison Sentence (ref 1^st)	−0.085^**	0.005^**	−0.096^**	0.005^**	−0.086^**	0.005^**	−0.091^**	0.005^*	−0.095^**	0.005^*	−0.040	0.003
	3^rd Prison Sentence	−0.067	0.008^**	−0.079	0.008^**	−0.064	0.008^**	−0.073	0.007^**	−0.078	0.007^**	0.006	0.004
	4^th Prison Sentence	−0.095	0.006	−0.127^*	0.006	−0.103	0.006	−0.107	0.006	−0.126^*	0.006	−0.014	0.001
	5^th or more Prison Sentence	−0.106	0.005	−0.125^*	0.005	−0.112	0.005	−0.109	0.005	−0.137^*	0.005	−0.062	0.002
Type of offense	Drug(ref Assaultive)	0.010	−0.006^**	0.003	−0.005^**	0.010	−0.006^**	0.014	−0.005^**	0.008	−0.005^**	0.015	−0.006^**
Type of offense	Non assaultive	−0.026	−0.005	−0.029	−0.005	−0.020	−0.005	−0.022	−0.004	−0.020	−0.005	−0.002	−0.005
Pre-Prison Drug Abuse History	Alcohol Only (ref None)	−0.073	−0.008	−0.081	−0.007	−0.068	−0.008	−0.078	−0.008	−0.074	−0.008	−0.098	−0.006
	THC only	−0.025	0.004	−0.019	0.004	−0.029	0.004	−0.021	0.004	−0.032	0.005	−0.069	0.006
	Hard Drug only	−0.011	−0.001	−0.015	−0.001	−0.027	0.000	−0.007	−0.001	−0.048	0.001	−0.107^*	0.003
	Alcohol + THC	0.058	−0.001	0.054	−0.001	0.056	−0.001	0.068	−0.001	0.060	−0.001	0.005	0.001
	Hard Drug +Alcohol+THC	0.010	−0.002	0.010	−0.002	0.003	−0.002	0.006	−0.002	0.000	−0.002	−0.036	0.000
Substance abuse tests in past month	non positive (ref never tested)	0.081^***	−0.002	0.080^***	−0.002	0.084^***	−0.002	0.078^***	−0.003	0.079^***	−0.003	0.074^***	−0.002
	One positive	0.064	0.004	0.064	0.004	0.062	0.003	0.056	0.003	0.061	0.003	0.058	0.003
	Two positives	0.072	0.003	0.067	0.004	0.070	0.003	0.067	0.002	0.049	0.003	−0.006	0.008
	Three or more positives	0.355^**	−0.016	0.365^**	−0.017	0.335^**	−0.016	0.336^**	−0.019	0.202	−0.006	0.187	−0.005
Years in Prison		−0.007	0.000	−0.002	0.000	−0.010^*	0.000	−0.008	0.000	−0.005	0.000	0.000	0.000
Human Capital
Education	GED(ref 0~11yr)			−0.055	0.003					−0.051	0.003	−0.047	0.003
	12 years			−0.203^***	0.005^*					−0.203^***	0.005^**	−0.131^***	0.003
	12~19 years			−0.303^***	0.015^***					−0.302^***	0.016^***	−0.208^***	0.013^***
Pre-prison employment	Employed(ref Unemployed)			−0.046	0.000					−0.041	0.000	−0.035	0.000
Lagged LM Performance	Employed (ref Non employ)			0.461	−0.029					0.495	−0.030	0.450	−0.029
	log Wage			−0.169	0.009					−0.180	0.010	−0.168	0.010
	log Wage2			0.013	−0.001					0.014	−0.001	0.013	−0.001
Social Ties
Number of Dependents						−0.013	0.000			−0.012	0.000	−0.020^*	0.001
Marital status at prison intake	Married (ref Never Married)					−0.142^**	0.002			−0.140^**	0.002	−0.080	0.000
	Divorced/separated					−0.005	−0.001			0.000	−0.001	−0.030	0.000
	Other					−0.119	0.010			−0.033	0.006	0.134	−0.001
Private Residence Type (ref: Parent)	Romantic Partner					−0.050	0.001			−0.033	0.000	−0.028	0.000
	Other Family					0.013	0.001			0.027	0.000	0.034	−0.001
	Other Private					0.002	−0.001			0.005	−0.001	−0.014	0.000
	Institutional Residence					−0.071^***	0.000
Institutional Factors
Institutional Residence Type	Private Residence						(reference)
	Receiving Treatment/Care							0.143^**	−0.004	0.103	−0.002	0.134^*	−0.004
	Hotel/Motel							−0.082	0	−0.066	−0.001	−0.071	−0.001
	Mission/Shelter/Homeless							0.313^***	−0.012^*	0.199^**	−0.006	0.229^**	−0.007
	Correctional institution							−0.009	0.004	−0.015	0.004	−0.022	0.005
	Jail							−0.346^***	0.010^**	−0.314^***	0.008^*	−0.382^***	0.012^**
Sex offender (ref. non sex offender)								−0.061	0.006	−0.030	0.005	0.050	0.002
Electronic monitoring (ref not-monitored)								−0.061	−0.005	−0.049	−0.005	−0.040	−0.005
Level of supervision	Minimum (ref Non-supervised)							0.008	0	0.006	0.000	0.012	0.000
	Medium							−0.01	0.001	−0.017	0.001	−0.007	0.001
	Maximum							0.005	0.005^**	−0.001	0.006^**	−0.002	0.006^**
First post-prison neighborhood disadvantage score												0.558^***	−0.021^***
Constant		0.555^***		0.602^***		0.600^***		0.718^***		0.662^***		0.417
Variance Components
Month		0.6434		0.637		0.6413836		0.6414983		0.6351		0.4752
individual		0.0325		0.0323		0.0325117		0.0323733		0.032		0.0278
N person-months		49024		49024		49024		49024		49024		47063
N individuals		1961		1961		1961		1961		1961		1961

Note:

p<.05,

^**

p<.01, and

^***

p<.001