Table 1.
List of 30 model neuroactive chemicals tested with known modes of action and concentrations evaluated. The primary mode of action is provided for each compound, though several elicit effects involving mixed modes of action (e.g. ethanol).
| Chemical | Concentrations (µM) |
Purity | CAS # | Primary MoA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuroactive drugs and toxicants (14 total) | ||||
| Bumetanide | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 28395-03-1 | Na-K-Cl (NKCC1) co-transporter inhibitor |
| Caffeine | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 99%1 | 58-08-2 | Adenosine receptor antagonist |
| Chlorpyrifos | 1, 10, 100, ‡ | 98%1 | 2921-88-2 | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor |
| Dopamine | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 62-31-7 | Prototypical dopamine receptor agonist |
| Epinephrine | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 99%1 | 51-43-4 | Adrenergic receptor agonist |
| Fluoxetine | 1, 10, ‡ | 98%1 | 56296-78-7 | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
| Imidacloprid | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 99%1 | 138261-41-3 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist |
| S-(+)-Ketamine | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 33795-24-3 | NDMA receptor antagonist |
| Mecamylamine | 1, 10, 100, † | 98%1 | 60-40-2 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist |
| (+)-Methamphetamine | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 51-57-0 | Dopaminergic/norepinephrinergic/serotoner gic |
| Methyllycaconitine | 1, 10, 100, † | 96%1 | 21019-30-7 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist |
| (−)-Nicotine | 1, 10, 100, ‡ | 99%1 | 54-11-5 | Prototypical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist |
| N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 6384-92-5 | Prototypical NMDA receptor agonist |
| Tricaine mesylate (MS-222) | 1, 10, 100, ‡ | 95%4 | 886-86-2 | Na+channel blocker |
| GABA agonists and positive modulators (10 total) | ||||
| Alfaxalone (5α-pregnan-3α-ol-11,20-dione) | 1, 10, † | 98%1 | 23930-19-0 | GABAA receptor (+)-allosteric modulator |
| (±)-Baclofen | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 1134-47-0 | GABAB receptor agonist |
| Carbamazepine | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 298-46-4 | GABAA receptor agonist |
| CGP 13501 | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%3 | 56189-68-5 | GABAB receptor positive allosteric modulator |
| Chlormethiazole | 1, 10, 100, ‡ | 98%1 | 6001-74-7 | GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator |
| Ethanol | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 99%1 | 64-17-5 | GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator |
| gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 99%1 | 56-12-2 | Prototypical GABA receptor agonist |
| Muscimol | 1, 10, 100, ‡ | 98%1 | 2763-96-4 | GABAA receptor agonist |
| SKF 97541 (CGP 35024) | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%3 | 127729-35-5 | GABAB receptor agonist |
| Valproic Acid | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 99-66-1 | Increases levels of GABA and Na+ channel blocker |
| GABA antagonists and negative modulators (6 total) | ||||
| Bicuculline | 1, 10, 100, ‡ | 97%1 | 485-49-4 | GABAA receptor antagonist |
| Dehydroisoandrosterone 3-sulfate | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 78590-17-7 | GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator |
| Pentylenetetrazol | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 99%1 | 54-95-5 | GABAA receptor blocker and proconvulsant |
| Picrotoxin | 1, 10, 100, ‡ | 98%1 | 124-87-8 | GABAA receptor antagonist |
| Pregnenolone sulfate | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%1 | 1247-64-9 | GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator |
| SCH 50911 | 1, 10, 100, 1000 | 98%3 | 160415-07-6 | GABAB receptor antagonist |
Purity and sources are indicated:
1
Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO),
2
Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI),
3
Argent (Redmond, WA),
4
Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN). Solubility issues that prohibited testing of higher concentrations are indicated.
†
Solubility issues that prohibited testing of higher concentrations are indicated.
‡
Acute lethality associated with higher concentrations are also indicated. All compounds were prepared using DMSO as a carrier solvent.