Table 1.
Patient characteristics, exposure data, and inflammatory markers in study groups
| Cigarette smoke exposure group (n=55) | Biomass smoke exposure group (n=51) | p-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 71.0 (12.0) | 73.0 (11.0) | 0.38 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 4 (7.3) | 3 (5.9) | 0.773c |
| Female | 51 (92.7) | 48 (94.1) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.0 (7.0) | 27.0 (7.0) | 0.84 |
| Amount of exposure | |||
| Cigarette pack/year, median (25–75 percentile) | 45.0 (30.0–50.0) | – | – |
| Biomass exposure/year, median (25–75 percentile) | – | 18.0 (10.0–20.0) | – |
| Use of biomass fuels, mean (SD) | |||
| For heating | – | 48 (94.1) | – |
| For cooking | – | 31 (60.8) | – |
| Hemogram, mean (SD) | |||
| White blood cells (109/L) | 8.6 (2.7) | 7.7 (3.0) | 0.09 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 39.0 (6.1) | 36.0 (5.7) | 0.011 |
| MPV (fL) | 8.6 (1.0) | 8.6 (1.0) | 0.97 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 256.0 (64.0) | 242.0 (80.0) | 0.31 |
| Inflammatory markers, mean (SD) | |||
| PLT/MPV | 31.0 (10.0) | 29.0 (11.0) | 0.41 |
| CRP (mg/L) median (min-max) | 7.3 (3.3–12.5) | 8.7 (3.0–15.0) | 0.46d |
| NLR | 3.5 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.5) | 0.65 |
| Blood biochemistry, mean (SD) | |||
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 111.0 (40.0) | 107.0 (25.0) | 0.53 |
| BUN (mg/dL)a | 31.0 (13.0) | 33.0 (19.0) | 0.64 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.013 |
Notes:
a
Missing data for 22 and 14 patients in the smoking and biomass groups, respectively.
b
Student’s t-test,
c
χ2-test,
d
Mann–Whitney U test. Values in bold indicate statistical significance (p<0.05).
Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; MPV, mean platelet volume; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLT, platelet.