Table 2.
The unadjusted and adjusted association of perceptions of neighborhood disorder with adolescent psychotic experiences
| Model specification | Association between perceptions of neighborhood disorder and adolescent psychotic experiences | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | |
|
|
|||
| Model 1 – Unadjusted | 2.52 | 2.07 – 3.06 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 – Adjusted for official neighborhood crime rates | 2.39 | 1.96 – 2.91 | <0.001 |
| Model 3 – Adjusted for resident-reported neighborhood disorder | 2.43 | 1.98 – 2.98 | <0.001 |
| Model 4 – Adjusted for neighborhood-level SES | 2.31 | 1.87 – 2.86 | <0.001 |
| Model 5 – Adjusted for family-level characteristics | 2.20 | 1.79 – 2.70 | <0.001 |
| Model 6 – Adjusted for adolescent substance and mood problems | 1.94 | 1.57 – 2.39 | <0.001 |
| Model 7 – Adjusted for childhood psychotic symptoms | 2.43 | 2.00 – 2.96 | <0.001 |
| Model 8 – Adjusted for all covariates simultaneously | 1.62 | 1.27 – 2.05 | <0.001 |
| Official neighborhood crime rates | 1.13 | 1.01 – 1.26 | 0.035 |
| Resident-reported neighborhood disorder | 1.08 | 0.73 – 1.61 | 0.700 |
| Neighborhood-level SES | 1.02 | 0.92 – 1.12 | 0.715 |
| Family socioeconomic status | 1.17 | 0.99 – 1.39 | 0.072 |
| Family psychiatric history | 1.27 | 0.81 – 1.99 | 0.299 |
| Maternal psychotic symptoms | 1.06 | 0.92 – 1.21 | 0.448 |
| Adolescent marijuana dependence | 3.29 | 2.01 – 5.36 | <0.001 |
| Adolescent alcohol dependence | 1.58 | 1.16 – 2.15 | 0.004 |
| Adolescent anxiety | 2.56 | 1.74 – 3.76 | <0.001 |
| Adolescent depression | 3.05 | 2.33 – 3.99 | <0.001 |
| Childhood psychotic symptoms | 2.20 | 1.38 – 3.49 | 0.001 |
Note: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio from ordinal logistic regression; SES, socioeconomic status. Model 1 – the unadjusted association between adolescents’ perceptions of neighborhood disorder and adolescent psychotic experiences. Model 2 – adjusted for official neighborhood crime rates. Model 3 – adjusted for resident-reported neighborhood disorder. Model 4 – adjusted for neighborhood-level SES. Model 5 – adjusted for family-level characteristics (family SES, family psychiatric history, and maternal psychotic symptoms). Model 6 – adjusted for adolescent substance and mood problems (marijuana dependence, alcohol dependence, anxiety, and depression). Model 7 – adjusted for childhood psychotic symptoms at age 12. Model 8 – adjusted simultaneously for all covariates. All analyses account for the non-independence of twin observations.