Table 1.
KAPPA cohort characteristics, impact of residential mobility on prenatal mobile source PM2.5 exposure estimates
| Children in cohort n (% of total) | Children whose mothers moved in pregnancy n (% of row) | Median move distance | Spearman correlation between complete and naïve PM2.5 exposure estimates1
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Children | Children whose mothers moved in pregnancy | ||||
| Cohort | 19,951 | 3,709 (18.6) | 10 km | 0.96 | 0.80 |
|
Maternal Race | |||||
| Black | 7,157 (35.9) | 1,609 (22.5) | 10 km | 0.94 | 0.76 |
| White | 8,757 (43.9) | 1,295 (14.8) | 9 km | 0.97 | 0.82 |
| Other2 | 2,186 (11.0) | 364 (16.7) | 8 km | 0.97 | 0.80 |
| Unknown Race | 1,851 (9.3) | 441 (23.8) | 8 km | 0.95 | 0.82 |
|
Maternal Education | |||||
| <12th grade | 280 (1.4) | 59 (21.1) | 6 km | 0.97 | 0.89 |
| High School/GED | 2,524 (12.7) | 480 (19.0) | 9 km | 0.97 | 0.82 |
| Some College or more | 13,113 (65.7) | 2,265 (17.3) | 10 km | 0.96 | 0.79 |
| Missing | 4,034 (20.2) | 905 (22.4) | 9 km | 0.95 | 0.78 |
|
Maternal Age | |||||
| <25 | 1,763 (8.8) | 536 (30.4) | 9 km | 0.93 | 0.77 |
| 25 – <30 | 5,759 (28.9) | 1,259 (21.9) | 10 km | 0.95 | 0.80 |
| 30 – <35 | 7,364 (36.9) | 1,245 (16.9) | 10 km | 0.96 | 0.80 |
| 35 – <40 | 4,153 (20.8) | 579 (13.9) | 8 km | 0.97 | 0.78 |
| ≥40 | 912 (4.6) | 90 (9.9) | 6 km | 0.99 | 0.94 |
|
Maternal Marital Status | |||||
| Married | 15,279 (76.6) | 2,517 (16.5) | 10 km | 0.97 | 0.81 |
| Not Married | 1,762 (8.8) | 499 (28.3) | 10 km | 0.93 | 0.74 |
| Missing | 2,910 (14.6) | 693 (23.8) | 9 km | 0.94 | 0.77 |
|
Maternal Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status (SES)3 | |||||
| Highest SES | 12,569 (63.0) | 2,118 (16.9) | 11 km | 0.95 | 0.75 |
| Urban/Suburban | 1,950 (9.8) | 416 (21.3) | 6 km | 0.91 | 0.60 |
| Rural, average to low SES | 963 (4.8) | 169 (17.6) | 9 km | 0.96 | 0.79 |
| Lowest SES | 4,468 (22.4) | 1,006 (22.5) | 8 km | 0.95 | 0.80 |
|
Child Birth Year | |||||
| 2000 | 2,054 (10.3) | 403 (19.6) | 9 km | 0.96 | 0.79 |
| 2001 | 1,977 (9.9) | 442 (22.4) | 9 km | 0.94 | 0.75 |
| 2002 | 1,946 (9.8) | 386 (19.8) | 9 km | 0.96 | 0.81 |
| 2003 | 1,929 (9.7) | 403 (20.9) | 10 km | 0.95 | 0.80 |
| 2004 | 1,871 (9.4) | 336 (18.0) | 12 km | 0.95 | 0.75 |
| 2005 | 1,741 (8.7) | 324 (18.6) | 9 km | 0.96 | 0.77 |
| 2006 | 1,935 (9.7) | 323 (16.7) | 11 km | 0.96 | 0.77 |
| 2007 | 1,919 (9.6) | 333 (17.4) | 10 km | 0.96 | 0.78 |
| 2008 | 1,835 (9.2) | 313 (17.1) | 9 km | 0.97 | 0.85 |
| 2009 | 1,403 (7.0) | 219 (15.6) | 9 km | 0.97 | 0.84 |
| 2010 | 1,341 (6.7) | 227 (16.9) | 9 km | 0.97 | 0.81 |
Note: among each characteristic, p-values for Pearson’s chi-squared tests for proportion who move were <0.01.
Complete exposure estimates are calculated as a weighted average of time spent at each residence during the prenatal period, naïve exposure estimates are calculated assuming residence at birth applied to entire prenatal period.
Includes Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and mothers identifying with more than one racial group
Neighborhood socioeconomic status was classified at census block group spatial resolution using maternal residence at time of delivery and described using demographic clusters created by Georgia Department of Public Health1