Table 1.
Characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder in the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED) based on current and ever had self-injurious behaviors.
| Variable | Current self-injurious behavior (n = 692)
|
Ever self-injurious behaviors (n = 692)
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 194) | No (n = 498) | Yes (n = 330) | No (n = 362) | |
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | 158 (81.44) | 408 (81.93) | 279 (84.55) | 287 (79.28) |
| Female | 36 (18.56) | 90 (18.07) | 51 (15.45) | 75 (20.72) |
| Child enrollment age (months) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 55.50 (6.98) | 56.15 (6.58) | 55.32 (7.44) | 56.08 (6.18) |
| Child gestational age (weeks) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 37.84 (3.19) | 38.19 (2.96) | 37.98 (3.18) | 38.20 (2.88) |
| Child birth weight (g) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 3391.58 (1482.18) | 3365.15 (1195.96) | 3343.18 (1289.31) | 3399.33 (1275.73) |
| Maternal race | ||||
| White | 126 (64.95) | 299 (60.04) | 222 (67.27) | 203 (56.08) |
| Non-White | 64 (32.99) | 191 (38.35) | 103 (31.21) | 152 (41.99) |
| Missing | 4 (2.06) | 8 (1.61) | 5 (1.52) | 7 (1.93) |
| Maternal ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 24 (12.37) | 60 (12.05) | 41 (12.42) | 43 (11.88) |
| Non-Hispanic | 167 (86.08) | 431 (86.55) | 284 (86.06) | 314 (86.74) |
| Missing | 3 (1.55) | 7 (1.40) | 5 (1.52) | 5 (1.38) |
| Language spoken at home | ||||
| English | 172 (88.66) | 431 (86.55) | 294 (89.09) | 309 (85.36) |
| Other | 19 (9.79) | 61 (12.25) | 32 (9.70) | 48 (13.26) |
| Missing | 3 (1.55) | 6 (1.20) | 4 (1.21) | 5 (1.38) |
| Maternal education | ||||
| College degree or higher | 79 (40.72) | 278 (55.82) | 144 (43.64) | 213 (58.84) |
| No college | 112 (57.73) | 212 (42.57) | 181 (54.85) | 143 (39.50) |
| Missing | 3 (1.55) | 8 (1.61) | 5 (1.51) | 6 (1.66) |
| Maternal smoking status | ||||
| Yes | 30 (15.46) | 66 (13.25) | 54 (16.36) | 42 (11.60) |
| No | 164 (84.54) | 432 (86.75) | 276 (83.64) | 320 (88.40) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 30.19 (5.69) | 32.21 (5.39) | 30.74 (5.65) | 32.46 (5.32) |
| Family income (quartiles) | ||||
| First (lowest) | 71 (36.60) | 92 (18.48) | 101 (30.61) | 62 (17.13) |
| Second | 45 (23.20) | 130 (26.10) | 81 (24.54) | 94 (25.97) |
| Third | 35 (18.04) | 128 (25.70) | 68 (20.60) | 95 (26.24) |
| Fourth (highest) | 34 (17.52) | 130 (26.10) | 65 (19.70) | 99 (27.35) |
| Missing | 9 (4.64) | 18 (3.62) | 15 (4.55) | 12 (3.31) |
| Developmental regression | ||||
| Yes | 51 (26.29) | 116 (23.29) | 83 (25.15) | 84 (23.20) |
| No | 143 (73.71) | 382 (76.71) | 247 (74.85) | 278 (76.80) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| IQ score | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 63.18 (19.34) | 68.31 (20.04) | 65.61 (20.01) | 68.03 (19.89) |
| Adaptive score | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 67.96 (13.90) | 76.12 (18.5) | 71.09 (14.52) | 76.35 (19.89) |
| Sleep score | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.51 (11.27) | 46.66 (9.18) | 50.04 (10.55) | 46.16 (9.17) |
| ADOS-severity score | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.21 (1.62) | 7.16 (1.57) | 7.20 (1.59) | 7.14 (1.58) |
| Sensory problems | ||||
| Yes | 162 (83.51) | 346 (69.48) | 263 (79.70) | 245 (67.68) |
| No | 32 (16.49) | 152 (30.52) | 67 (20.30) | 117 (32.32) |
| Gastrointestinal problems | ||||
| Yes | 83 (42.78) | 139 (27.91) | 176 (53.33) | 245 (67.68) |
| No | 94 (48.46) | 327 (65.66) | 124 (37.58) | 98 (27.07) |
| Missing | 17 (8.76) | 32 (6.43) | 30 (9.09) | 19 (5.25) |
| Child behavioral issues | ||||
| Yes | 99 (51.03) | 130 (26.10) | 152 (46.06) | 77 (21.27) |
| No | 95 (48.97) | 368 (73.90) | 178 (53.94) | 285 (78.73) |
| Child neurologic conditions | ||||
| Yes | 21 (10.82) | 17 (3.41) | 24 (7.27) | 14 (3.87) |
| No | 173 (89.18) | 481 (96.59) | 306 (92.73) | 348 (96.13) |
| Child developmental conditions | ||||
| Yes | 132 (68.04) | 281 (56.43) | 215 (65.15) | 198 (54.70) |
| No | 62 (31.96) | 217 (43.57) | 115 (34.85) | 164 (45.30) |
| Child genetic conditions | ||||
| Yes | 5 (2.58) | 7 (1.41) | 6 (1.82) | 6 (1.66) |
| No | 189 (97.42) | 491 (98.59) | 324 (98.18) | 356 (98.34) |
| Child other conditions | ||||
| Yes | 19 (9.79) | 45 (9.04) | 33 (10.00) | 31 (8.56) |
| No | 175 (90.21) | 453 (90.96) | 297 (90.00) | 331 (91.44) |
| Neonatal complications | ||||
| Major | 51 (26.29) | 94 (18.87) | 75 (27.73) | 70 (19.34) |
| Minor | 64 (32.99) | 182 (36.55) | 107 (32.42) | 139 (38.40) |
| None | 79 (40.72) | 222 (44.58) | 148 (44.85) | 153 (42.26) |
| Plurality | ||||
| Yes | 28 (14.43) | 77 (15.56) | 51 (15.45) | 54 (14.92) |
| No | 166 (85.57) | 421 (84.46) | 279 (84.54) | 308 (85.08) |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | 103 (53.10) | 312 (62.65) | 117 (35.45) | 142 (39.23) |
| Cesarean | 85 (43.81) | 174 (34.94) | 201(60.91) | 214 (59.12) |
| Missing | 6 (3.09) | 12 (2.41) | 12 (3.64) | 6 (1.66) |
| Labor complications | ||||
| Major | 9 (4.64) | 23 (4.62) | 16 (4.85) | 16 (4.42) |
| Minor | 31 (15.98) | 55 (11.04) | 41 (12.42) | 45 (12.43) |
| None | 154 (79.38) | 420 (84.34) | 273 (82.73) | 301 (83.15) |
| Maternal medical conditions during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 74 (38.14) | 161 (32.33) | 119 (36.06) | 116 (32.04) |
| No | 120 (61.86) | 337 (67.67) | 211 (63.94) | 246 (67.96) |
| Maternal depression | ||||
| Yes | 58 (29.90) | 121 (24.30) | 102 (30.91) | 77 (21.27) |
| No | 136 (70.10) | 377 (75.70) | 228 (69.09) | 285 (78.73) |
| Maternal mental retardation | ||||
| Yes | 12 (6.19) | 18 (3.61) | 31 (9.39) | 12 (3.31) |
| No | 181 (93.30) | 476 (95.58) | 299 (90.61) | 350 (96.69) |
| Missing | 1 (0.52) | 4 (0.80) | 0 | 0 |
| Maternal anxiety | ||||
| Yes | 26 (13.40) | 40 (8.03) | 36 (10.91) | 30 (18.29) |
| No | 168 (86.60) | 458 (91.97) | 294 (89.09) | 332 (91.71) |
SD: standard deviation; IQ: intelligence quotient; ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.