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. 2018 Apr 23;8:6394. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24748-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quantification of concentration gradients across the device using FITC-dextran. Representative images of immunofluorescence of FITC-dextran with a concentration gradient in the central bacteria channel at different time points was showed. The measuring position of profiles of fluorescence was illustrated by the black arrow in the figure. The intensity of fluorescence was normalized as 1 at the corner of chamber of cell culture. When PBS was added in bacteria channel, an immediate diffusion of FITC-dextran from cell chamber to bacterial channel was observed and maintained for 4 hr with a stable circulation of dextran.