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. 2018 Apr 23;8:6394. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24748-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of quantitative bacterial chemotaxis. Bacterial chemotaxis was quantified by comparing the fluorescence intensity in the analysis region marked with red rectangle. Preferential accumulation of bacteria was compared by the fluorescence intensities in the two yellow marked rectangles of accumulation regions. (A) E. coli chemotaxis was firstly examined against NCI-H460 and 16HBE. The independent culture chambers were cultivated with cells, and the central channel was inoculated with bacteria. Significantly, higher preferential taxis of bacteria were illustrated towards cancerous cells as shown by the fluorescence images (left), and plots of intensities and average areal intensities of fluorescence (right). (B) The bacterial taxis towards cancerous cells, reasoned of biochemical molecules released by the cells, were examined by the preference of bacteria towards the medium used for cell cultures. The n = 9 represents 9 biological replicates, the error bars represent the standard deviation of means, and a difference of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.