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Upregulation of PD-1 and LAG-3 expression by J-PPD. PBMCs from cattle experimentally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (n = 7) were incubated with J-PPD, and the expression of PD-1 (a and b) and LAG-3 (c and d) on CD4+ T cells (a and c) and CD8+ T cells (b and d) was assayed by flow cytometry. Statistical significance was determined by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. N.S., no stimulation.
