Table 3.
Summary of functional connectivity data
| Condition | Seed | Controls vs. GAD (x/y/z; kE) | Pre- vs. post-treatment GAD (x/y/z; kE) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls > GAD | GAD > Controls | Pre > Post | Post > Pre | ||
| Worry Induction | Left anterior insula | Right OFC: (10/56/−12; kE =388; t=3.83; df=54) | Left precentral gyrus [BA6]: (−54/2/42; kE=163; t=6.3, df=11) Left medial frontal gyrus [BA6]: (−2/34/42; kE=95; t=6.0; df=11) Left subgenual cingulate [BA25]: (−7/22/−14; kE=149; t=5.43; df=11) |
Right postcentral gyrus [BA5]: (18/−46/72; kE=76; t=5.1; df=11) | |
| Left BA46 (dlPFC) | Left insula: (−34/−8/12; kE=730; t=3.99; df=54) Right insular cortex [BA13]: (40/−7/13; kE=288; t=4.00; df=54) |
Left superior frontal gyrus [BA10]: (−22/63/−2; kE=174; t=3.71; df=54) Cerebellar vermis: (6/−52/−2; kE 261; t=4.14; df=54) Left fusiform gyrus: (−35/−66/−14; kE=263; t=3.44; df=54) |
Left inferior frontal gyrus [BA45]: (−54/20/12; kE=55; t=7.3; df=11) Right OFC [BA47]: (46/34/−12; kE=275; t=6.7; df=11) |
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| BNST | Left thalamus: (−18/−22/10; kE=190; t=4.35; df=54) | Anterior cingulate (subgenual) [BA24]: (4/28/−6; kE=172; t=3.95; df=54) | Left insula [BA13]: (−38/−20/10; kE=146; t=7.8; df=11) Right supramarginal gyrus [BA2]: (48/−33/42; kE =456; t=7.1; df=11) |
Left frontal medial gyrus: (−11/37/38; kE=527; t=6.6;df=11) Left frontal superior gyrus: (−18/50/30; kE=527;t= 5.6; df=11) Left lingual gyrus: (−15/−76/−7; kE=60; t=5.68; df=11) Left inferior frontal gyrus [BA46]: (−44/40/16; kE=52, t=5.2; df=11; p=0.00014, threshold p<0.00012) |
|
| PVN | Middle frontal gyrus [BA6]: (−24/−12/52; kE=577; t=4.25; df=54) | Left OFC [BA11]: (−26/28/−18; kE=35; t=6.4; df=11) Right supramarginal gyrus [BA40]: (51/−32/42; kE=601; t=6.6; df=11) Left insula [BA13]: (−42/−20/10, kE=74; t=5.79; df=11) Right middle frontal gyrus [BA8]: (32/13/42; kE=246; t=5.4; df=11) |
Left medial frontal gyrus [BA9]: (−15/33/30; kE =224; t=5.3; df=11) Left lingual gyrus [BA18]: (−9/−76/−5, kE =187; t=5.3; df=11) |
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| Worry Reappraisal | Left anterior insula | Left medial frontal gyrus [BA6]: (−8/−16/54, kE=469; t=4.61; df=54) dACC [BA24]: (−6/−12/43; kE=469; t=3.85; df=54) Right superior frontal gyrus: (18/44/34; t=4.44; kE=80) Middle frontal gyrus: (28/−14/48; kE=289; t=4.26; df=54) |
Left temporal pole [BA38]: (−48/16/−12; kE=187; t=4.49; df=54) Left hippocampus: (−30/−38/0; kE=285; t=4.28; df=54) Right superior frontal gyrus [BA6]: (18/20/60; kE=126; t=4.20; df=54) |
Left anterior cingulate [BA32]: (−7/35/28; kE=202; t=12.7; df=11) Left middle temporal gyrus: (−44/4/−37; kE=294; t=9.1; df=11) Right temporal pole [BA38]: (42/16/−38; kE=75; t=7.4; df=11) |
Cerebellar vermis: (−1/−44/−6; kE=138; t=8.5; df=11) |
| Left BA46 (dlPFC) | Right medial frontal gyrus [BA9]: (12/40/26; kE=173; t=4.41; df=54) Right superior frontal gyrus [BA10]: (9/59/−7; kE=146; t=3.46; df=54) |
Left fusiform gyrus: (−18/−34/−16; kE=91; t=4.59; df=54) | Left fusiform gyrus: (−40/−42/−16; kE=301; t=11.6; df=11) Left rectus [BA11]: (−1/21/−24; kE=155; t=9.1; df=11) Left limbic lobe (Uncus): (−32/−2/−34; kE=107; t=8.4; df=11) |
Right supramarginal gyrus [BA40]: (46/−36/60; kE=166; t=13.2; df=11) Right superior frontal gyrus [BA11]: (18/51/−18; kE=52; t= 7.2; df=11) Right inferior frontal gyrus [BA47]: (54/19/0.6; kE=101; t= 6.9; df=11) Middle cingulate gyrus: (7/−32/41; kE=102; t=6.6; df=11) Right cuneus: (12/−98/16; kE=66; t=7.7; df=11) |
|
| BNST | Left medial frontal gyrus: (−18/56/0; kE=52; t=4.08; df=54) | Left frontal middle gyrus [BA6]: (−25/7/63; kE=203; t=7.4; df=11) | Right lingual gyrus [BA19]: (24/−68/−2.70; kE=355; t=8.9; df=11) Right frontal superior gyrus [BA10]: (34/62/16; kE= 179, t=5.4; df=11; p=0.0003, threshold p<0.00017) |
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| PVN | Right amygdala: (22/−4/−18; kE=217; t=4.88; df=54) | Right transverse temporal gyrus [BA41]: (55/−24/12, kE=97; t= 6.5; df=11) Left putamen: (−24/−4/4, kE=56; t=7.1; df=11) Middle cingulate gyrus [BA31]: (−6/−30/40, kE=125, p=0.0002, threshold p<0.00017; t= 4.5; df=11) |
Right superior frontal gyrus: (21/55/14, kE=115, p=0.0002, threshold p<0.00017; t=5.7; df=11) | ||
BA = Brodmann Area; BNST = bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; dACC = dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; PVN = periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In italics, results that did not survive multiple comparison correction. All other results are significant are a corrected p ≤ 0.05. t=T-test (peak-level); df= degrees of freedom