Table 1.
Baseline (2006) characteristics according to updated cumulative average fasting blood glucose concentration, among 96,110 Kailuan participants
| <4.00 mmol/L | 4.0–5.59 mmol/L | 5.60–6.09 mmol/L | 6.10–6.99 mmol/L | ≥7.00 mmol/L | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 687 | 65412 | 12622 | 6331 | 11058 |
| FBG*, mmol/L | 3.75 | 5.01 | 5.80 | 6.43 | 8.72 |
| Age#, year | 60.4 | 54.3 | 56.6 | 57.9 | 60.0 |
| Women#, % | 18.6 | 22.8 | 14.8 | 12.8 | 19.2 |
| Smoking status#, % | |||||
| Current | 33.6 | 32.6 | 37.3 | 37.3 | 30.7 |
| Past | 7.3 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 6.8 |
| Never | 52.3 | 60.0 | 54.6 | 54.6 | 59.1 |
| Alcohol intake#, % | |||||
| Never | 56.0 | 58.4 | 51.5 | 53.2 | 58.6 |
| Past | 6.3 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.9 |
| Light† | 3.8 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 3.4 |
| Moderate† | 6.1 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.7 |
| Heavy† | 12.1 | 15.3 | 21.4 | 21.4 | 16.1 |
| Physical activity#, % | |||||
| Never | 6.4 | 8.1 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 6.9 |
| 1–2 times/week | 70.3 | 75.0 | 70.2 | 70.4 | 70.0 |
| 3+ times/week | 15.4 | 13.4 | 16.2 | 16.0 | 18.2 |
| Sodium intake#, % | |||||
| ≥10 gram/day | 7.4 | 9.6 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.0 |
| 6–9 gram/day | 76.9 | 78.3 | 76.1 | 75.8 | 75.1 |
| <6 gram/day | 7.7 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.1 |
| Education#, % | |||||
| Illiteracy or elementary school | 23.3 | 8.6 | 11.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 |
| Middle school | 64.2 | 80.2 | 80.7 | 80.0 | 78.7 |
| College /university | 5.1 | 7.9 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Average income#, % | |||||
| <500¥/month | 23.7 | 26.4 | 32.0 | 31.9 | 27.0 |
| 500–2999¥/ month | 60.8 | 63.6 | 58.9 | 59.6 | 61.9 |
| ≥3000¥/ month | 8.0 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 5.1 | 6.4 |
| Deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary infarction‡ | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.26 |
| Heart valve disease‡ | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.35 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter§‡ | 2.04 | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 1.08 |
| Use of antihypertensive agent‡, % | 14.6 | 15.3 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 36.2 |
| Use of lipid-lowering medications‡, % | 0.58 | 1.49 | 2.34 | 1.86 | 5.58 |
| Use of hypoglycemic medications‡, % | -- | -- | -- | -- | 46.9 |
| Use of aspirin‡ | 1.02 | 0.90 | 1.20 | 1.03 | 2.18 |
| hs-CRP*, mg/mL | 1.45 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.22 | 1.46 |
| BMI*, Kg/m2 | 23.7 | 24.6 | 25.5 | 25.8 | 26.1 |
| LDL-C*, mmol/L | 1.98 | 2.46 | 2.63 | 2.67 | 2.60 |
| HDL-C*, mmol/L | 1.58 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.48 |
| TC*, mmol/L | 4.65 | 4.92 | 5.14 | 5.25 | 5.24 |
| TG*, mmol/L | 1.39 | 1.54 | 1.79 | 2.00 | 2.15 |
| SBP*, mmHg | 132 | 129 | 136 | 139 | 140 |
| DBP*, mmHg | 82 | 83 | 86 | 88 | 87 |
| eGFR*, mL/min/1.73m2 | 78.1 | 85.4 | 84.9 | 83.2 | 81.7 |
Updated cumulative average from baseline to the end of follow up
Measured at baseline
Light drinker: 0.1–0.4 servings/day for women and 0.1–0.9 serving/day for men; moderate: 0.5–1.5 servings/day for women and 1–2 serving/day for men; heavy: >1.5 servings/day for women and >2 serving/day for men; based on 15g of alcohol per day.
Updated duing the follow-up.
Diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter was based on 12-lead electrocardiogram and self-reported physician-diagnosis history and was updated by every survey from 2006.
Abbreviations: hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.