Figure 4. Method validation: significant increases in indoxyl sulfate and indoxyl acetate and kynurenine levels in ESRD patients.

All the metabolites were estimated in pre-dialysis sera samples obtained from patients with ESRD and compared to their matched controls (N = 10 for both the groups). Shown are averages of sample detection done in duplicates. Tryptophan levels were significantly lower in ESRD patients (P = 0.007). Compared to the controls significantly higher levels of kynurenine (P = 0.006), kynurenic acid (P = 0.0007), anthranilic acid (P = 0.002), indoxyl sulfate (P = 0.0001) and indoxyl acetate (P = 0.0092) were detected. Error bars = SEM.