Table 1.

2-benzylidene-1-indanone derivatives 4a-t inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion in MPM 5′

Compound	R1	(%) Inhibition (10 µM)*		Compound	R1	(%) Inhibition (10 µM)*
		IL-6	TNF-α			IL-6	TNF-α
4a	4′-OMe	61.61±6.21	48.26±1.14	4l	2′-Cl	45.77±1.79	26.36±4.99
4b	4′-OEt	35.54±1.21	14.42±6.14	4m	2′-Br	63.04±2.13	NA
4c	3′,4′-OH	70.32±3.27	45.59±3.59	4n	3′-Br	47.37±6.65	17.87±1.89
4d	3′-OMe, 4′-OH	69.28±1.58	83.73±4.05	4o	4′-Br	53.71±3.29	29.40±0.61
4e	2′,3′-OMe	41.35±1.70	34.13±3.19	4p	4′-F	59.99±1.32	41.99±1.44
4f	2′,4′-OMe	52.29±2.09	44.52±3.61	4q	4′-CF3	52.24±5.33	36.07±2.03
4g	3′,4′,5′-OMe	55.69±1.63	67.94±1.21	4r	3′,4′-F	17.39±1.51	18.93±1.19
4h	2′,3′,4′-OMe	55.33±9.97	67.92±3.85	4s	3′,4′-Cl	54.08±1.13	33.89±5.37
4i	2′,4′,6′-OMe	54.21±1.02	44.16±3.58	4t	3′-NO2, 4′-Cl	47.37±3.16	36.51±2.91
4j	2′,4′,5′-OMe	54.78±2.28	28.40±1.82	XAN		62.45±1.83	53.27±1.65
4k	2′-F	41.28±1.98	15.68±3.64

Notes: Macrophages were plated at a density of 5.0×10⁵/plate at 37°C and 5% CO₂ overnight. Cells were pretreated with vehicle and compounds (10 µM) for 30 min, and subsequently treated with LPS (0.5 µg/mL) for 24 h. The culture media were collected and the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, in media were detected by ELISA and normalized by total protein concentration.

^*Values are the mean of at least n=3 independent experiments±SEM.

Abbreviations: IL-6, interleukin-6; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MPM, murine primary macrophage; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NA, no activity; XAN, xanthohumol; SEM, standard error of the mean.