Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of the participants in the Health and Prevention Enhancement study
| Total (n=91 336) |
Men (n=50 507) |
Women (n=40 829) |
P values | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | |||
| <35 | 16 228 (17.8) | 7666 (15.2) | 8562 (21.0) | |
| 35–44 | 26 963 (29.5) | 15 139 (30.0) | 11 824 (29.0) | |
| 45–54 | 27 915 (30.6) | 15 776 (31.2) | 12 139 (29.7) | |
| 55–64 | 14 937 (16.4) | 8717 (17.3) | 6220 (15.2) | |
| 65+ | 5293 (5.8) | 3209 (6.4) | 2084 (5.1) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 50 509 (55.3) | |||
| Women | 40 827 (44.7) | |||
| Cigarette smoking status | <0.001 | |||
| Non-smokers | 48 521 (53.1) | 11 779 (23.3) | 36 742 (90.0) | |
| Ex-smokers | 22 564 (24.7) | 20 469 (40.5) | 2095 (5.1) | |
| Current smokers | 20 251 (22.2) | 18 259 (36.2) | 1992 (4.9) | |
| Regular exercise | <0.001 | |||
| Inactive | 36 343 (39.8) | 17 843 (35.3) | 18 500 (45.3) | |
| Minimally active | 26 189 (28.7) | 16 428 (32.5) | 9761 (23.9) | |
| HEPA | 28 804 (31.5) | 16 236 (32.1) | 12 568 (30.8) | |
| Excess alcohol drinking (>140 g/week) | 20 421 (22.3) | 18 934 (37.5) | 1469 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Education≥high school graduate | 78 821 (86.3) | 45 538 (90.2) | 33 283 (81.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 13 279 (14.5) | 9003 (17.8) | 4276 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 4377 (4.8) | 3181 (6.3) | 1196 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Current HBsAg+ | 3810 (4.2) | 2377 (4.7) | 1433 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Current anti-HCV+ | 887 (0.97) | 492 (0.97) | 395 (0.97) | 0.946 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Measurements | ||||
| Height (cm) | 165.6 (11) | 171.7 (5.6) | 159.9 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.3 (12.1) | 71.5 (9.1) | 55.0 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4 (12.1) | 24.2 (2.6) | 21.5 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.7 (9.3) | 86.5 (7.1) | 76.9 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 26.6 (6.0) | 30.8 (3.7) | 20.6 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 26.9 (5.9) | 30.8 (3.6) | 20.7 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2)* | 79.9 (24.2) | 82.3 (23.6) | 76.1 (24.7) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 115.4 (15.9) | 118.0 (12.2) | 111.2 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 76.01 (11.9) | 79.0 (9.45) | 71.36 (9.56) | <0.001 |
| Blood levels | ||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 97 (18.6) | 100.2 (17.6) | 90.7 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.56 (0.6) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.84 (0.17) | 0.93 (0.13) | 0.68 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.62 (0.25) | 4.64 (0.24) | 4.58 (0.25) | 0.002 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.03 (33.02) | 192.5 (33.1) | 188.6 (32.8) | 0.105 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 101.2 (64.2) | 117.9 (68.8) | 74.6 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.8 (31.6) | 126.3 (31.3) | 112.6 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.3 (13.2) | 49.4 (9.5) | 59.7 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.12 (0.26) | 0.12 (0.26) | 0.10 (0.26) | 0.285 |
*Visceral fat area is defined here as the cross-sectional area of visceral fat found in the abdomen.
Anti-HCV, anti-hepatitis C antibody; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HDL, high-density lipid; HEPA, health-enhancing physically active; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL, low-density lipid; SBP, systolic blood pressure.