Table 1.
Maternal daily caffeine intake | Risk of excess growth in infancy (from birth to age 12 months)* | |||||
All children (n=38 338) | After excluding smokers during pregnancy (n=35 672) | After excluding SGA neonates† (n=35 144) | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Low (<50 mg) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Average (50–199 mg) | 1.15 | 1.09 to 1.22 | 1.15 | 1.08 to 1.22 | 1.14 | 1.07 to 1.22 |
High (200–299 mg) | 1.30 | 1.16 to 1.45 | 1.32 | 1.17 to 1.49 | 1.25 | 1.11 to 1.41 |
Very high (≥300 mg) | 1.66 | 1.42 to 1.93 | 1.58 | 1.30 to 1.91 | 1.67 | 1.41 to 1.97 |
All models adjusted for maternal age, parity, parental education, prepregnancy BMI, total energy intake, nausea and/or vomiting during pregnancy, paternal BMI, parental smoking during pregnancy, gestational age and gender.
*Excess growth is defined as a WHO weight-for-age z-score difference >0.67 between birth and age 12 months.
†SGA according to Skjaerven et al. 35
BMI, body mass index; SGA, small for gestational age.