Table 2.
Risk of overweight and/or obesity* | ||||||
All children (n=50 943) | ||||||
Age 3 years | Age 5 years | Age 8 years | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Maternal daily caffeine intake | ||||||
Low (<50 mg) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Average (50–199 mg) | 1.05 | 0.99 to 1.12 | 1.00 | 0.95 to 1.06 | 0.95 | 0.86 to 1.04 |
High (200–299 mg) | 1.17 | 1.05 to 1.30 | 1.12 | 1.02 to 1.23 | 1.11 | 0.94 to 1.31 |
Very high (≥300 mg) | 1.44 | 1.24 to 1.67 | 1.29 | 1.13 to 1.47 | 1.29 | 1.04 to 1.61 |
After excluding smokers during pregnancy (n=47 036) | ||||||
Low (<50 mg) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Average (50–199 mg) | 1.05 | 0.99 to 1.12 | 1.00 | 0.95 to 1.06 | 0.92 | 0.84 to 1.02 |
High (200–299 mg) | 1.17 | 1.04 to 1.32 | 1.10 | 1.00 to 1.23 | 1.08 | 0.89 to 1.29 |
Very high (≥300 mg) | 1.50 | 1.25 to 1.79 | 1.31 | 1.12 to 1.54 | 1.30 | 1.00 to 1.70 |
After excluding SGA neonates (n=46 718)† | ||||||
Low (<50 mg) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Average (50–199 mg) | 1.06 | 0.99 to 1.12 | 1.01 | 0.95 to 1.06 | 0.96 | 0.87 to 1.05 |
High (200–299 mg) | 1.18 | 1.05 to 1.32 | 1.14 | 1.03 to 1.25 | 1.11 | 0.94 to 1.32 |
Very high (≥300 mg) | 1.48 | 1.28 to 1.72 | 1.32 | 1.15 to 1.51 | 1.36 | 1.09 to 1.69 |
The same population was included at each age since the outcome was defined using model-derived anthropometrics.
All models adjusted for maternal age, parity, parental education, prepregnancy BMI, total energy intake, nausea and/or vomiting during pregnancy, paternal BMI, parental smoking during pregnancy, gestational age and gender.
*Overweight and/or obesity in children, according to the International Obesity Task Force definition.
†SGA according to Skjaerven et al. 35
BMI, body mass index; SGA, small for gestational age.