Table 2.

Maternal caffeine intake in pregnancy and risk of overweight/obesity at age 3 years, 5 years and 8 years

	Risk of overweight and/or obesity*
	All children (n=50 943)
	Age 3 years		Age 5 years		Age 8 years
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Maternal daily caffeine intake
Low (<50 mg)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Average (50–199 mg)	1.05	0.99 to 1.12	1.00	0.95 to 1.06	0.95	0.86 to 1.04
High (200–299 mg)	1.17	1.05 to 1.30	1.12	1.02 to 1.23	1.11	0.94 to 1.31
Very high (≥300 mg)	1.44	1.24 to 1.67	1.29	1.13 to 1.47	1.29	1.04 to 1.61
After excluding smokers during pregnancy (n=47 036)
Low (<50 mg)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Average (50–199 mg)	1.05	0.99 to 1.12	1.00	0.95 to 1.06	0.92	0.84 to 1.02
High (200–299 mg)	1.17	1.04 to 1.32	1.10	1.00 to 1.23	1.08	0.89 to 1.29
Very high (≥300 mg)	1.50	1.25 to 1.79	1.31	1.12 to 1.54	1.30	1.00 to 1.70
After excluding SGA neonates (n=46 718)†
Low (<50 mg)	1.00		1.00		1.00
Average (50–199 mg)	1.06	0.99 to 1.12	1.01	0.95 to 1.06	0.96	0.87 to 1.05
High (200–299 mg)	1.18	1.05 to 1.32	1.14	1.03 to 1.25	1.11	0.94 to 1.32
Very high (≥300 mg)	1.48	1.28 to 1.72	1.32	1.15 to 1.51	1.36	1.09 to 1.69

The same population was included at each age since the outcome was defined using model-derived anthropometrics.

All models adjusted for maternal age, parity, parental education, prepregnancy BMI, total energy intake, nausea and/or vomiting during pregnancy, paternal BMI, parental smoking during pregnancy, gestational age and gender.

*Overweight and/or obesity in children, according to the International Obesity Task Force definition.

†SGA according to Skjaerven et al. ³⁵

BMI, body mass index; SGA, small for gestational age.