Table 3.
Maternal caffeine intake in pregnancy and child’s weight, weight gain velocity and BMI during childhood (n=50 943). Low caffeine intake is the reference group
| Maternal daily caffeine intake | Child’s developmental period | ||||||
| Infancy | Toddlerhood | Preschool age | School age | ||||
| 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | 18 months | 3 years | 5 years | 8 years | |
| β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
|
| Weight (in g) | |||||||
| Average (50–199 mg) | 14.1 (1.6 to 26.6) | 15.1 (1.3 to 28.8) | 14.9 (−5.1 to 34.9) | 14.8 (−9.3 to 38.9) | 16.1 (−16.9 to 49.0) | 18.2 (−24.0 to 60.5) | 21.5 (−35.1 to 78.1) |
| High (200–299 mg) | 31.3 (7.5 to 55.1) | 35.0 (8.8 to 61.1) | 45.4 (7.3 to 83.5) | 59.0 (13.1 to 104.8) | 99.0 (36.3 to 161.7) | 148.9 (68.4 to 229.4) | 222.0 (114.1 to 329.8) |
| Very high (≥300 mg) | 67.0 (32.5 to 101.6) | 83.2 (45.3 to 121.1) | 110.1 (55.2 to 165.0) | 135.5 (69.5 to 201.5) | 213.4 (123.3 to 303.6) | 320.0 (204.4 to 435.6) | 480.3 (325.5 to 635.1) |
| Weight gain velocity (in g/month) | |||||||
| Average (50–199 mg) | 0.8 (−0.8 to 2.4) | 0.4 (−1.2 to 1.9) | 0.2 (−1.2 to 1.5) | 0.3 (−1.0 to 1.5) | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.4) | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.4) | 0.3 (−0.7 to 1.4) |
| High (200–299 mg) | 1.(−1.4 to 4.7) | 1.2 (−1.7 to 4.1) | 2. (−0.4 to 4.7) | 2.3 (−0.1 to 4.7) | 2.1 (0 to 4.3) | 2.0 (0.1 to 4.0) | 2.2 (0 to 4.0) |
| Very high (≥300 mg) | 6.0 (1.5 to 10.4) | 4.3 (0.2 to 8.5) | 3.8 (0.1 to 7.4) | 3.7 (0.3 to 7.1) | 3.9 (0.8 to 7.0) | 3.9 (1.1 to 6.8) | 3.9 (1.1 to 6.8) |
| BMI (in kg/m2) | |||||||
| Average (50–199 mg) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) |
| High (200–299 mg) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.11) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.10) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.12) | 0.11 (0.07 to 0.15) | 0.14 (0.10 to 0.19) | 0.15 (0.11 to 0.20) | 0.15 (0.09 to 0.21) |
| Very high (≥300 mg) | 0.16 (0.10 to 0.21) | 0.16 (0.11 to 0.21) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.23) | 0.20 (0.14 to 0.25) | 0.26 (0.20 to 0.32) | 0.29 (0.22 to 0.36) | 0.31 (0.22 to 0.39) |
Effect estimates derived from linear mixed-effect models with input of all anthropometric information from age 1 month to 8 years and adjustment for: maternal age, parity, maternal education, prepregnancy BMI, nausea and/or vomiting during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, paternal BMI, gestational age and birth weight. The effect estimates are adjusted mean changes of weight, weight gain velocity and BMI.
Infancy is defined as the period from birth to age 12 months, toddlerhood as the period from age 12 months to 3 years, preschool age as the period from age 3 years to 5 years and school age as the period from age 5 years onwards.
β, β coefficients; BMI, body mass index.