Table 2. Association between smoking and the risk of cancer in men followed for up to 30 years.
| All men | Men aged 50–70 at index date | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer diagnosis | Proportions of cancer in smokers (%) | Proportions of cancer in non-smokers (%) | HR (95% CI) | p-value | Proportions of cancer in smokers (%) | Proportions of cancer in non-smokers (%) | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Cancer total (C00-C99) | 20.0 | 19.0 | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | <0.001 | 47.4 | 47.7 | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.056 |
| Positive association | ||||||||
| Bronchus and lung (C34) | 2.96 | 0.22 | 9.92 (8.08–12.17) | <0.001 | 10.03 | 0.94 | 8.91 (6.89–11.52) | <0.001 |
| Larynx (C32) | 0.27 | 0.03 | 5.17 (3.16–8.44) | <0.001 | 0.78 | 0.09 | 4.69 (2.37–9.29) | <0.001 |
| Liver (C22) | 0.40 | 0.13 | 2.83 (1.85–4.32) | <0.001 | 1.32 | 0.38 | 2.17 (1.20–3.92) | 0.011 |
| Nasal cavity, middle ear, sinuses (C30, C31) | 0.15 | 0.05 | 2.61 (1.60–4.28) | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.26 | 2.47 (1.35–4.51) | 0.003 |
| Bladder (C67) | 1.26 | 0.59 | 2.32 (1.98–2.73) | <0.001 | 5.31 | 3.19 | 2.10 (1.73–2.56) | <0.001 |
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (C00-14) | 0.61 | 0.26 | 2.12 (1.71–2.63) | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 2.06 (1.37–3.11) | 0.001 |
| Esophagus (C15) | 0.74 | 0.32 | 1.97 (1.57–2.46) | <0.001 | 1.92 | 0.58 | 2.28 (1.60–3.25) | <0.001 |
| Pancreas (C25) | 0.46 | 0.22 | 1.83 (1.34–2.49) | <0.001 | 1.50 | 0.64 | 2.28 (1.60–3.25) | <0.001 |
| Stomach (C16) | 0.21 | 0.18 | 1.40 (1.02–1.94) | 0.039 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 1.38 (0.93–2.05) | 0.112 |
| Kidney (C64) | 0.43 | 0.30 | 1.26 (1.00–1.58) | 0.048 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.83 (0.58–1.20) | 0.323 |
| Lymphomas (C81-88) | 2.53 | 2.09 | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) | <0.001 | 6.13 | 5.19 | 1.36 (1.18–1.57) | <0.001 |
| Negative association | ||||||||
| Skin (C43, C44) | 4.78 | 6.98 | 0.74 (0.70–0.79) | <0.001 | 11.87 | 19.72 | 0.73 (0.67–0.79) | <0.001 |
| Prostate (C61) | 2.95 | 4.39 | 0.71 (0.65–0.76) | <0.001 | 8.75 | 15.16 | 0.67 (0.60–0.74) | <0.001 |
| Multiple myeloma (C90) | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.67 (0.48–0.93) | 0.018 | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.59 (0.36–0.97) | 0.037 |
| No association | ||||||||
| Leukemias (C91-95) | 0.51 | 0.46 | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 0.972 | 1.07 | 1.25 | 0.98 (0.73–1.34) | 0.920 |
| Colon, rectum, anus (C17-C21) | 1.38 | 2.03 | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0.051 | 3.91 | 4.99 | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | 0.006 |
| Bones (C40, C41) | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.84 (0.49–1.46) | 0.542 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.81 (0.22–3.02) | 0.753 |
| Testis (C62) | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.83 (0.66–1.03) | 0.092 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.88 (0.32–2.43) | 0.805 |
| Thyroid gland (C73) | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) | 0.280 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 1.43 (0.46–4.52) | 0.538 |
| Brain (C71) | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.80 (0.59–1.09) | 0.155 | 0.34 | 0.23 | 1.12 (0.64–1.95) | 0.690 |