Table 3. Association between smoking and the risk of cancer in women followed for up to 30 years.
| All women | Women aged 50–70 at index date | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer diagnosis | Proportions of cancer in smokers (%) | Proportions of cancer in non-smokers (%) | HR (95% CI) | p-value | Proportions of cancer in smokers (%) | Proportions of cancer in non-smokers (%) | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Cancer total (C00-C99) | 17.0 | 14.9 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.031 | 35.1 | 33.6 | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 0.023 |
| Positive association | ||||||||
| Bronchus and lung (C34) | 2.31 | 0.15 | 14.06 (10.91–18.12) | <0.001 | 7.95 | 0.57 | 13.50 (9.52–19.13) | <0.001 |
| Larynx (C32) | 0.06 | 0.01 | 4.86 (2.15–10.96) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 6.72 (1.52–29.75) | 0.012 |
| Bladder (C67) | 0.34 | 0.12 | 2.75 (2.07–3.64) | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.51 | 2.67 (1.90–4.12) | <0.001 |
| Esophagus (C15) | 0.24 | 0.07 | 2.55 (1.73–3.77) | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.20 | 2.06 (1.19–3.57) | 0.010 |
| Nasal cavity, middle ear, sinuses (C30, C31) | 0.05 | 0.01 | 2.47 (1.09–5.62) | 0.031 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 4.39 (1.25–15.43) | 0.021 |
| Vulva/vagina (C51, C52) | 0.07 | 0.03 | 1.91 (1.18–3.09) | 0.009 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 1.24 (0.53–2.86) | 0.620 |
| Cervix uteri (C53) | 0.35 | 0.18 | 1.83 (1.43–2.33) | <0.001 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 1.59 (0.88–2.97) | 0.126 |
| Stomach (C16) | 0.11 | 0.07 | 1.67 (1.08–2.57) | 0.020 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 1.46 (0.87–2.46) | 0.155 |
| Pancreas (C25) | 0.25 | 0.20 | 1.63 (1.17–2.28) | 0.004 | 0.84 | 0.42 | 2.06 (1.19–3.57) | 0.010 |
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (C00-14) | 0.34 | 0.17 | 1.43 (1.12–1.83) | 0.003 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 2.01 (1.19–3.41) | 0.009 |
| Negative association | ||||||||
| Skin (C43, C44) | 3.70 | 5.00 | 0.74 (0.70–0.79) | <0.001 | 8.89 | 14.17 | 0.72 (0.66–0.79) | <0.001 |
| Breast (C50) | 4.04 | 4.22 | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.002 | 7.35 | 6.89 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 0.913 |
| Corpus uteri (C54) | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.60 (0.48–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.36 | 0.85 | 0.54 (0.37–0.79) | 0.001 |
| No association | ||||||||
| Kidney (C64) | 0.23 | 0.15 | 1.27 (0.94–1.73) | 0.123 | 0.76 | 0.51 | 1.34 (0.83–2.18) | 0.232 |
| Brain (C71) | 0.17 | 0.12 | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) | 0.258 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 1.23 (0.61–2.49) | 0.568 |
| Bones (C40, C41) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.17 (0.61–2.23) | 0.639 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.78 (0.18–3.49) | 0.747 |
| Liver (C22) | 0.17 | 0.09 | 1.12 (0.73–1.74) | 0.584 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.60 (0.29–1.23) | 0.164 |
| Leukemias (C91-95) | 0.28 | 0.22 | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 0.613 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 1.07 (0.71–1.51) | 0.753 |
| Lymphomas (C81-88) | 2.14 | 1.74 | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 0.725 | 3.90 | 4.24 | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 0.829 |
| Colon, rectum, anus (C17-C21) | 0.87 | 0.93 | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 0.938 | 2.37 | 2.86 | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) | 0.438 |
| Ovary (C56) | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.88 (0.74–1.06) | 0.181 | 1.05 | 1.13 | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) | 0.075 |
| Multiple myeloma (C90) | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.86 (0.57–1.31) | 0.482 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 1.17 (0.66–2.08) | 0.590 |
| Thyroid gland (C73) | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.62 (0.35–1.08) | 0.092 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.26 (0.07–0.91) | 0.036 |