Table 1.

Characteristics by traffic density, $n=\mathrm{32,875}$.

Characteristic	Traffic density, $n$ (%)a
	Low ($n=\mathrm{16,417}$)b	High ($n=\mathrm{16,458}$)b	p-Value
Age at diagnosis, median (IQR), y	47.7 (30.8–64.5)	46.2 (30.5–62.2)	$<0.001$
Male sex	9,570 (58.3)	10,012 (60.8)	$<0.001$
Race and ethnicity			$<0.001$
Asian	7,058 (43.0)	7,252 (44.1)
Hispanic	6,525 (39.8)	6,075 (36.9)
White, non-Hispanic	1,559 (9.50)	1,452 (8.82)
Black, non-Hispanic	1,100 (6.70)	1,508 (9.16)
Native American/Alaskan or Pacific Islander	144 (0.88)	137 (0.83)
Unknown	31 (0.19)	34 (0.21)
Foreign born	12,442/16,362 (76.0)	12,731/16,419 (77.5)	0.001
Recent immigrant	3,852/16,362 (23.5)	4,175/16,419 (25.4)	$<0.001$
Region			$<0.001$
Southern California	8,840 (53.9)	9,722 (59.1)
Central Valley	3,106 (18.9)	1,279 (7.77)
North Coast and Mountain	393 (2.39)	172 (1.05)
San Francisco Bay Area	3,159 (19.2)	4,760 (28.9)
Central Coast	919 (5.60)	525 (3.19)
Residence within the city limits	15,823/16,376 (96.6)	16,306/16,440 (99.2)	$<0.001$
Population density, $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$, ${\text{persons}/\mathrm{km}}^2$c	$\mathrm{4,196}\pm \mathrm{3,452}$	$\mathrm{7,144}\pm \mathrm{7,779}$	$<0.001$
Median annual household income, median (IQR), USDc	53,832 (38,230–74,836)	45,722 (31,680–65,214)	$<0.001$
Estimated census tract percent smoking prevalence, $\text{mean}\pm \text{SD}$	$14.9\pm 5.11$	$14.1\pm 5.46$	$<0.001$
Unemployed	8,124/15,824 (51.3)	8,680/16,082 (54.0)	$<0.001$
Homeless	568/16,339 (3.48)	1,325/16,375 (8.09)	$<0.001$
Substance abused	1,776/16,193 (11.0)	2,370/16,263 (14.6)	$<0.001$
HIV-infected	648 (3.95)	985 (5.98)	$<0.001$
Microbiologically confirmed TB	12,868/16,409 (78.4)	12,995/16,451 (79.0)	0.21
Pulmonary TB	13,050 (79.5)	13,146 (79.9)	0.39
Extrapulmonary TB	4,754 (29.0)	4,886 (29.7)	0.15
Cavitary TB	3,221/16,399 (19.6)	3,145/16,443 (19.1)	0.24
Miliary TB	279 (1.70)	287 (1.74)	0.76
MDR-TB	194/12,664 (1.53)	180/12,891 (1.40)	0.37
Treatment	$n=\mathrm{16,316}$	$n=\mathrm{16,358}$	$<0.001$
Self-administered for all doses	2,857 (17.5)	3,020 (18.5)
DOT for all doses	8,856 (54.3)	10,145 (62.0)
DOT and self-administered doses	4,603 (28.2)	3,193 (19.5)
Days to culture conversion, median (IQR)	53 (32–78)	53 (33–80)	0.33
Treatment duration,e median (IQR), days	244 (188–301)	248 (190–302)	0.37

Note: DOT, directly observed tuberculosis (TB) treatment; IQR, interquartile range; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant TB, resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin; SD, standard deviation; USD, U.S. dollars.

^aTraffic density is defined as the sum of length-adjusted road segment traffic volumes in the $400-\mathrm{m}$ buffer around residential addresses, using the median value of $\mathrm{1,525}\text{vh}·\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{h}$ as the low-high cutoff. Column values represent “Number (%)” unless indicated otherwise.

^bThe denominator is 16,417 for low traffic density and 16,458 for high traffic density unless otherwise indicated.

^cObtained from American Census Survey 2006-2010 census block group data (U.S. Census Bureau 2016).

^dExcess alcohol and/or recreational drug use (oral, inhaled, or injected) within one year before TB diagnosis.

^eTreatment duration among those who completed treatment.