Table 4.

Adjusted mortality hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for alternative Cox models using nearest-road traffic volume exposures, $100-\mathrm{m}$ buffer.

Exposure: Traffic volumes of nearest road ($\text{vh}/24\text{h}$)	Alternative Cox model
	Cox model with only individual-level covariatesa	Add group-level household incomeb to adjusted model	Add group-level smoking estimatesc to adjusted model	Exclude non-microbiologically confirmed casesa	Exclude patients who moved within Californiaa	Left-censored values: Assign zero instead of missinga
$n$	18,396	18,375	14,478	14,404	17,480	32,832
Q1 (HR)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Q2 [HR (95% CI)]	1.03 (0.86, 1.25)	1.03 (0.86, 1.24)	1.13 (0.91, 1.40)	1.05 (0.87, 1.28)	1.05 (0.87, 1.27)	1.00
Q3 [HR (95% CI)]	1.14 (0.95, 1.37)	1.14 (0.95, 1.36)	1.23 (1.00, 1.52)	1.16 (0.96, 1.40)	1.16 (0.96, 1.40)	0.90 (0.79, 1.02)
Q4 [HR (95% CI)]	1.19 (0.99, 1.43)	1.19 (0.99, 1.43)	1.29 (1.05, 1.59)	1.20 (1.00, 1.46)	1.21 (1.01, 1.46)	1.01 (0.90, 1.14)
Q5 [HR (95% CI)]	1.28 (1.07, 1.53)	1.27 (1.06, 1.52)	1.41 (1.16, 1.75)	1.28 (1.06, 1.54)	1.28 (1.07, 1.54)	1.10 (0.98, 1.23)
p-Trend	0.002	0.003	$<0.001$	0.004	0.002	0.04

Note: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; p-Trend, the p-value for the trend across quintiles of traffic exposure; Q1–Q5, quintiles 1 through 5, where Q5 is the highest quintile of traffic exposure; vh, vehicle.

^aAdjusted for individual-level covariates: age, sex, race, ethnicity, foreign birth, recent immigration within 5 y prior to tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, population density, region of residence, unemployment within one year before TB diagnosis, homeless within one year before TB diagnosis, excess recreational drug and/or alcohol use within one year before TB diagnosis, and HIV infection.

^bGroup-level covariate: census block group median annual household income.

^cGroup-level covariate: census tract smoking prevalence estimates.