Table 3.

Logistic regression model estimates of associations between annual average air pollution exposures at the baseline residence and respiratory symptoms for fully adjusted single-pollutant models (by cohort and pooled) and for pooled two-pollutant models.

Exposure and outcome	Lifelinesa		UK Biobanka		Pooleda		Pooled two-pollutant modelb,c
	Cases/noncases (n/n)	OR (95% CI)	Cases/noncases (n/n)	OR (95% CI)	Cases/noncases (n/n)	OR (95% CI)	Cases/noncases (n/n)	OR (95% CI)
Wheeze
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ (per $5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	10,596/41,466	1.51 (1.12, 2.03)*	60,184/265,708	1.15 (1.10, 1.20)*	70,780/307,174	1.16 (1.11, 1.21)*	70,780/307,174	1.22 (1.12, 1.32)*
${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ (per $5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	10,596/41,466	1.20 (1.02, 1.41)*	60,184/265,708	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)*	70,780/307,174	1.03 (1.01, 1.05)*	70,780/307,174	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$ (per $5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	10,596/41,466	1.15 (0.90, 1.46)	60,184/265,708	1.04 (0.98, 1.09)	70,780/307,174	1.05 (1.00, 1.10)	70,780/307,174	1.02 (0.97, 1.07)
${\text{NO}}_2$ (per $10{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	10,596/41466	1.11 (1.05, 1.18)*	64,363/286,276	1.02 (1.01, 1.03)*	74,959/327,742	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)*	70,780/307,174	0.98 (0.96, 1.01)
Shortness of breath
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ (per $5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	5,205/46,859	1.07 (0.72, 1.58)	11,958/109,538	1.61 (1.44, 1.79)*	17,163/156,397	1.61 (1.45, 1.78)*	17,163/156,397	1.04 (0.89, 1.23)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$ (per $5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	5,205/46,859	1.30 (1.06, 1.60)*	11,958/109,538	1.17 (1.11, 1.24)*	17,163/156,397	1.20 (1.14, 1.27)*	17,163/156,397	1.04 (0.97, 1.10)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$ (per $5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	5,205/46,859	1.73 (1.28, 2.35)*	11,958/109,538	1.15 (1.03, 1.29)*	17,163/156,397	1.28 (1.15, 1.42)*	17,163/156,397	1.08 (0.97, 1.21)
${\text{NO}}_2$ (per $10{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	5,205/46,859	1.20 (1.11, 1.29)*	11,966/109,584	1.14 (1.11, 1.17)*	17,171/156,443	1.16 (1.13, 1.19)*	17,163/156,397	1.15 (1.10, 1.19)*

Note: CI, confidence interval; ${\text{NO}}_2$, nitrogen dioxide; OR, odds ratio; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $<2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $<10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $2.5–10\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$; SD, standard deviation.

^*$p<0.05$.

^aAdjusted for age (continuous), sex, body mass index (normal, overweight, or obese), household income (annual net income $\le$ or $>$ the country-specific mean for 2010), education level ($\le$ secondary or postsecondary), smoking status (never, former, or current), passive smoking exposure (none or any), and cohort (Lifelines or UK Biobank).

^bPooled models also include an indicator term for the study (Lifelines or UK Biobank).

^cTwo-pollutant models for ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, ${\mathrm{PM}}_{10}$, and ${\mathrm{PM}}_{\text{coarse}}$ are adjusted for ${\text{NO}}_2$; two-pollutant models for ${\text{NO}}_2$ are adjusted for ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$.