Table 3.

Adjusted associations between standardized concentrations of pregnancy phenols and respiratory outcomes ($n=587$) and ${\text{FEV}}_1\%(n=228)$ in boys.

Phenolc	Wheezing (until age 5 y)a			Asthma diagnosis (until age 5 y)a			Bronchiolitis/Bronchitis (until age 3 y)a			${\text{FEV}}_1\%$b
	HR (95% CI)	phetd	p-Value	HR (95% CI)	phetd	p-Value	HR (95% CI)	phetd	p-Value	Beta (95% CI)	phetd	p-Value
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Continuouse	1.06 (0.95, 1.19)		0.27	1.02 (0.87, 1.20)		0.79	0.98 (0.89, 1.08)		0.68	0.29 ($-0.94$, 1.54)		0.64
T1	1.00	0.64	0.74f	1.00	0.49	0.96f	1.00	0.50	0.40f	0.00	0.50	0.93f
T2	1.16 (0.85, 1.58)			1.30 (0.83, 2.05)			1.08 (0.84, 1.38)			2.01 ($-1.57$, 5.60)
T3	1.09 (0.81, 1.49)			1.07 (0.66, 1.72)			0.93 (0.73, 1.19)			0.45 ($-3.04$, 3.94)
2,5-Dichlorophenol
Continuouse	1.08 (1.00, 1.17)		0.04	1.04 (0.93, 1.16)		0.52	1.00 (0.94, 1.07)		0.97	0.14 ($-0.71$, 1.00)		0.74
T1	1.00	0.01	0.13f	1.00	0.24	0.35f	1.00	0.82	0.54f	0.00	0.93	0.71f
T2	1.66 (1.20, 2.28)			1.46 (0.90, 2.34)			1.03 (0.81, 1.33)			0.03 ($-3.58$, 3.64)
T3	1.51 (1.10, 2.08)			1.41 (0.88, 2.25)			1.08 (0.85, 1.38)			0.59 ($-2.94$, 4.11)
$\sum \text{Dichlorophenols}$
Continuouse	1.08 (1.00, 1.17)		0.048	1.04 (0.92, 1.17)		0.55	1.00 (0.93, 1.07)		0.99	0.17 ($-0.72$, 1.07)		0.70
T1	1.00	0.03	0.08f	1.00	0.24	0.24f	1.00	0.76	0.47f	0.00	0.95	0.78f
T2	1.45 (1.05, 1.99)			1.41 (0.87, 2.27)			1.00 (0.78, 1.29)			$-0.16$ ($-3.81$, 3.48)
T3	1.47 (1.07, 2.01)			1.45 (0.91, 2.32)			1.08 (0.85, 1.39)			0.38 ($-3.14$, 3.91)
Bisphenol A
Continuouse	0.97 (0.82, 1.15)		0.75	1.23 (0.97, 1.55)		0.09	1.13 (0.99, 1.30)		0.08	$-0.51$ ($-2.33$, 1.32)		0.58
T1	1.00	0.99	0.90f	1.00	0.28	0.12f	1.00	0.52	0.26f	0.00	0.46	0.62f
T2	0.98 (0.72, 1.33)			1.04 (0.63, 1.71)			1.06 (0.83, 1.36)			$-2.20$ ($-5.69$, 1.27)
T3	0.98 (0.72, 1.34)			1.39 (0.87, 2.22)			1.15 (0.90, 1.48)			$-1.38$ ($-4.99$, 2.23)
Benzophenone-3
Continuouse	0.93 (0.86, 1.01)		0.08	0.97 (0.87, 1.09)		0.60	1.00 (0.94, 1.06)		0.91	$-0.42$ ($-1.31$, 0.47)		0.36
T1	1.00	0.03	0.01f	1.00	0.26	0.16f	1.00	0.65	0.85f	0.00	0.83	0.56f
T2	0.87 (0.65, 1.17)			0.81 (0.52, 1.26)			0.89 (0.70, 1.14)			$-0.60$ ($-4.10$, 2.90)
T3	0.66 (0.48, 0.91)			0.68 (0.42, 1.09)			0.93 (0.73, 1.19)			$-1.08$ ($-4.55$, 2.40)
Triclosan
Continuouse	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)		0.46	0.99 (0.92, 1.07)		0.86	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)		0.83	0.17 ($-0.40$, 0.73)		0.56
T1	1.00	0.79	0.57f	1.00	0.91	0.75f	1.00	0.80	0.62f	0.00	0.96	0.91f
T2	0.94 (0.69, 1.27)			1.06 (0.67, 1.66)			1.05 (0.82, 1.34)			0.48 ($-2.97$, 3.94)
T3	0.90 (0.67, 1.22)			0.96 (0.60, 1.52)			0.97 (0.76, 1.23)			0.69 ($-3.13$, 3.84)
Methyl-paraben
Continuouse	0.92 (0.85, 1.00)		0.051	1.00 (0.89, 1.13)		0.99	0.94 (0.88, 1.00)		0.046	$-0.46$ ($-1.30$, 0.37)		0.28
T1	1.00	0.03	0.17f	1.00	0.90	0.94f	1.00	0.02	0.01f	0.00	0.19	0.18f
T2	0.68 (0.50, 0.92)			0.90 (0.57, 1.43)			0.80 (0.64, 1.03)			1.66 ($-1.89$, 5.21)
T3	0.74 (0.55, 1.00)			0.99 (0.62, 1.58)			0.70 (0.54, 0.89)			$-1.63$ ($-5.06$, 1.78)
Ethyl-paraben
Continuouse	1.01 (0.95, 1.07)		0.72	1.10 (1.00, 1.21)		0.04	0.99 (0.94, 1.03)		0.53	$-0.59$ ($-1.24$, 0.05)		0.07
T1	1.00	0.63	0.65f	1.00	0.047	0.08f	1.00	0.004	0.15f	0.00	0.52	0.31f
T2	1.15 (0.85, 1.57)			1.66 (1.02, 2.71)			1.40 (1.10, 1.79)			$-1.13$ ($-4.61$, 2.36)
T3	1.13 (0.83, 1.55)			1.81 (1.10, 2.98)			0.97 (0.76, 1.26)			$-2.02$ ($-5.51$, 1.47)
Propyl-paraben
Continuouse	0.95 (0.89, 1.02)		0.14	0.99 (0.90, 1.09)		0.85	0.95 (0.91, 1.00)		0.08	$-0.22$ ($-0.92$, 0.49)		0.55
T1	1.00	0.58	0.44f	1.00	0.91	0.89f	1.00	0.13	0.12f	0.00	0.63	0.38f
T2	0.88 (0.66, 1.19)			0.91 (0.58, 1.45)			0.83 (0.65, 1.06)			$-0.43$ ($-3.06$, 3.91)
T3	0.86 (0.63, 1.17)			1.00 (0.63, 1.59)			0.79 (0.61, 1.00)			$-1.23$ ($-4.71$, 2.25)
Butyl-paraben
Continuouse	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)		0.49	1.01 (0.92, 1.11)		0.89	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)		0.36	$-0.41$ ($-1.09$, 0.27)		0.23
T1	1.00	0.24	0.15f	1.00	0.59	0.68f	1.00	0.02	0.01f	0.00	0.30	0.15f
T2	1.13 (0.84, 1.53)			1.26 (0.79, 2.01)			1.13 (0.89, 1.44)			$-1.07$ ($-4.50$, 2.36)
T3	0.86 (0.62, 1.20)			1.22 (0.75, 2.01)			0.79 (0.61, 1.03)			$-2.75$ ($-6.26$, 0.76)
$\sum \text{Parabens}$
Continuouse	0.92 (0.85, 1.00)		0.05	1.00 (0.89, 1.13)		0.98	0.94 (0.88, 1.00)		0.054	$-0.46$ ($-1.30$, 0.38)		0.29
T1	1.00	0.06	0.11f	1.00	0.94	0.75f	1.00	0.05	0.10f	0.00	0.06	0.13f
T2	0.73 (0.54, 0.99)			0.95 (0.61, 1.50)			0.77 (0.61, 0.98)			2.58 ($-0.92$, 6.09)
T3	0.73 (0.54, 0.99)			0.92 (0.57, 1.48)			0.77 (0.60, 0.98)			$-1.61$ ($-5.04$, 1.82)

Note: CI, confidence interval; $\sum \text{Dichlorophenols},\text{molar}\text{sum}\text{of}\text{dichlorophenols}\left(\mathrm{2,4}-,\mathrm{2,5}-\text{dichlorophenols}\right)$; ${\text{FEV}}_1\%,\text{forced}\text{expiratory}\text{volume}\text{in}1\mathrm{s}\text{expressed}\text{in}\text{percent}\text{predicted}$; HR, hazard rate; $\sum \text{Parabens},\text{molar}\text{sum}\text{of}\text{parabens}$ (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-parabens); p_het, p-values of heterogeneity; T, tertile.

^aModels adjusted for center, residence area, parental history of asthma or allergies, maternal ethnicity, maximal parental education level, maternal or passive smoking during pregnancy, postnatal passive smoking, older siblings, and child care. Missing values in covariates were imputed for at least one covariate in 277 boys, using the multiple imputation by chained equations multiple imputation method (100 imputations were performed).

^bAdditionally adjusted for child’s height and age.

^cStandardized for urine sampling conditions (creatinine level, day and hour of sampling, gestational age, storage duration at room temperature and year of analysis), as detailed in Mortamais et al. (2012).

^d$p-\text{values}$ of heterogeneity test.

^eEstimates for 1-unit increase in ln-transformed standardized concentration.

^f$p-\text{values}$ of monotonic trend test.