. 2017 Sep 7;125(9):097005. doi: 10.1289/EHP1065

Table 3.

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by rice consumption among 949 study participants from the New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study, July 2007–July 2009, stratified by water arsenic concentration $< 1$ or $\geq 1 μ g / L$ .

Rice consumption	Controls, $n$ (%)	SCC cases, $n$ (%)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)^a	Adjusted ${OR}_{1}$ (95% CI)^b	Adjusted ${OR}_{2}$ (95% CI)^c
$< 1 μ g / L$ Water arsenic
Total no.	344	355	355	355	355
None^d	97 (28.2)	69 (19.4)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Any rice (any frequency)^e	247 (71.8)	286 (80.6)	1.72 (1.19, 2.49)	1.56 (1.07, 2.27)	1.87 (1.27, 2.76)
$1 - 20 g / d$ ^f	95 (27.6)	105 (29.6)	1.63 (1.07, 2.49)	1.57 (1.02, 2.41)	1.86 (1.19, 2.90)
$21 - 50 g / d$	75 (21.8)	105 (29.6)	2.10 (1.35, 3.28)	1.90 (1.21, 2.99)	2.20 (1.38, 3.51)
$> 50 g / d$	77 (22.4)	76 (21.4)	1.45 (0.91, 2.30)	1.17 (0.72, 1.89)	1.52 (0.93, 2.48)
p-Trend			0.06	0.36	0.07
White rice (any frequency)^e	193 (66.6)	205 (74.8)	1.54 (1.04, 2.26)	1.41 (0.95, 2.08)	1.64 (1.09, 2.47)
$1 - 20 g / d$ ^f	113 (39.0)	145 (52.9)	1.85 (1.22, 2.80)	1.75 (1.15, 2.66)	1.96 (1.27, 3.03)
$21 - 50 g / d$	60 (20.7)	43 (15.7)	1.04 (0.62, 1.74)	0.87 (0.51, 1.48)	1.07 (0.62, 1.86)
$> 50 g / d$	20 (6.9)	17 (6.2)	1.19 (0.57, 2.49)	1.01 (0.47, 2.14)	1.39 (0.64, 3.00)
p-Trend			0.39	0.17	0.39
Brown rice (any frequency)^e	146 (60.1)	196 (74.0)	2.06 (1.37, 3.08)	1.78 (1.18, 2.70)	2.21 (1.45, 3.39)
$1 - 20 g / d$ ^f	83 (34.2)	119 (44.9)	2.20 (1.42, 3.41)	1.95 (1.25, 3.06)	2.38 (1.50, 3.78)
$21 - 50 g / d$	50 (20.6)	56 (21.1)	1.68 (1.00, 2.82)	1.42 (0.84, 2.42)	1.79 (1.04, 3.10)
$> 50 g / d$	13 (5.3)	21 (7.9)	2.64 (1.19, 5.85)	2.06 (0.92, 4.65)	2.72 (1.17, 6.28)
p-Trend			0.005	0.04	0.01
$\geq 1 μ g / L$ Water arsenic
Total no.	113	129	129	129	129
None^d	27 (20.9)	29 (22.5)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Any rice (any frequency)^e	86 (76.1)	100 (77.5)	0.97 (0.51, 1.87)	0.83 (0.43, 1.63)	1.10 (0.55, 2.19)
$1 - 20 g / d$ ^f	32 (28.3)	43 (33.3)	1.15 (0.54, 2.43)	1.05 (0.49, 2.25)	1.32 (0.60, 2.92)
$21 - 50 g / d$	33 (29.2)	32 (24.8)	0.72 (0.32, 1.59)	0.62 (0.27, 1.39)	0.79 (0.34, 1.83)
$> 50 g / d$	21 (18.6)	25 (19.4)	1.06 (0.45, 2.50)	0.80 (0.33, 1.96)	1.22 (0.50, 3.02)
p-Trend			0.78	0.36	0.98
White rice (any frequency)^e	65 (70.7)	74 (71.8)	0.95 (0.49, 1.86)	0.76 (0.38, 1.53)	1.06 (0.52, 2.15)
$1 - 20 g / d$ ^f	43 (46.7)	45 (43.7)	0.90 (0.44, 1.84)	0.76 (0.36, 1.60)	1.03 (0.48, 2.21)
$21 - 50 g / d$	12 (13.0)	23 (22.3)	1.56 (0.60, 4.06)	1.15 (0.43, 3.12)	1.47 (0.53, 4.08)
$> 50 g / d$	10 (10.9)	6 (5.8)	0.57 (0.17, 1.87)	0.41 (0.12, 1.39)	0.72 (0.21, 2.51)
p-Trend			0.68	0.41	0.84
Brown rice (any frequency)^e	53 (66.2)	63 (68.5)	1.02 (0.48, 2.16)	0.86 (0.40, 1.88)	1.21 (0.55, 2.66)
$1 - 20 g / d$ ^f	26 (32.5)	43 (46.7)	1.25 (0.55, 2.85)	1.14 (0.49, 2.63)	1.42 (0.60, 3.37)
$21 - 50 g / d$	21 (26.2)	12 (13.0)	0.54 (0.19, 1.53)	0.35 (0.11, 1.09)	0.69 (0.23, 2.07)
$> 50 g / d$	6 (7.5)	8 (8.7)	1.30 (0.34, 4.89)	0.98 (0.24, 3.99)	1.47 (0.38, 5.65)
p-Trend			0.83	0.51	0.94

Note: Eight study participants were missing water arsenic concentrations. Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^{^a}

OR were adjusted for age group, gender, and caloric consumption.

^{^b}

${OR}_{1}$ were adjusted for age group, gender, caloric consumption, and education.

^{^c}

${OR}_{2}$ were adjusted for age group, gender, caloric consumption, and arsenobetaine.

^{^d}

The referent group of no rice consumption includes no rice consumption of either white or brown rice varieties. This referent group is used in common for all types of rice consumption collected from the Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire.

^{^e}

In the analyses, the p for interactions between continuous water arsenic levels and any, white, and brown rice were $p = 0.004$ , $p = 0.005$ , and $p = 0.002$ , respectively. Likelihood ratio test $p \leq 0.001$ for all models when comparing models with and without the interaction term.

^{^f}

The grams of rice consumption per day were derived from the Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire categories of rice intake during a year.