Table 3.

Modification of associations between 10-y exposure (linear, per interquartile range) of road traffic noise and ${\text{NO}}_2$ and risk for incident heart failure by gender, baseline characteristics and co-morbidity from other major cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the time of heart failure.

Covariates	Road traffic noise (10-y ${\mathrm{L}}_{\text{den}}$, per IQRa)			Air pollution (10-y${\text{NO}}_2$, per IQRa)
	$n$ cases	IRR (95% CI)b	p-Valuec	IRR (95% CI)b	p-Valuec
Gender			0.053		0.007
Men	1,622	1.19 (1.11,1.28)		1.16 (1.10,1.22)
Women	928	1.06 (0.96,1.17)		1.03 (0.96,1.11)
BMId			0.88		0.92
Obese ($\text{BMI}\ge 30$)	696	1.12 (1.01,1.25)		1.10 (1.02,1.19)
Nonobese ($\text{BMI}<30$)	1,854	1.13 (1.06,1.21)		1.11 (1.05,1.16)
Waist circumferenced			0.37		0.39
Above WHO recommendations	1,673	1.12 (1.04,1.20)		1.10 (1.04,1.16)
Below WHO recommendations	877	1.18 (1.07,1.30)		1.14 (1.06,1.22)
Hypertensiond			0.21		0.04
Yes	1,793	1.17 (1.09,1.25)		1.14 (1.09,1.20)
No	757	1.08 (0.97,1.20)		1.04 (0.96,1.12)
Myocardial infarctione			0.81		0.19
Yes	787	1.12 (1.01,1.24)		1.15 (1.07,1.23)
No	1,763	1.13 (1.06,1.21)		1.09 (1.03,1.14)
Atrial fibrillatione			0.85		0.90
Yes	825	1.17 (0.97,1.42)		1.13 (0.98,1.30)
No	1,725	1.15 (1.08,1.22)		1.12 (1.07,1.17)
Diabetese			0.30		0.03
Yes	573	1.20 (1.06,1.35)		1.20 (1.11,1.30)
No	1,977	1.12 (1.05,1.19)		1.09 (1.03,1.14)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasee			0.17		0.79
Yes	514	1.06 (0.93,1.21)		1.11 (1.01,1.22)
No	2,036	1.17 (1.10,1.25)		1.12 (1.07,1.18)

^aIQR, Interquartile range ($9.9\text{dB}$ for noise; $7.5{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ for air pollution).

^bAdjusted for age; sex; length of school attendance; municipality SES; smoking status, duration and intensity; intake of vegetables, red meat, and alcohol; sport during leisure time, and calendar year (Model 2). IRR: incidence rate ratio.

^cp-Value for interaction (test for differences in slopes).

^dBaseline information.

^eA diagnosis before censoring; included as time-dependent variable.