Fig. 2.

a–d Differential interference contrast images of transparent ventricular catheter illustrating imperfections on the surfaces of the CSF flow holes and the unevenness of the luminal surface. The images presented are of single optical sections illustrating approximately 2.5 μm in depth and were collected using a 3-dimensional, multispectral, spinning-disk confocal microscope (Olympus IX81 inverted microscope with motorized x-y-z stage, broad-spectrum light source, and charge-coupled device camera). Prior to imaging, the ventricular catheter was cut longitudinally, allowing a clear view of the irregular luminal and CSF intake hole surfaces.