Table 1.

Bactericidal activity and cell-inactivation effect at bio-interface of graphene-derived materials.

graphene-based nanomaterial	bacteria	indicative antibacterial activitya	cell-inactivation effect	source
graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls	E. coli	59%	cell membrane damage	[10]
	S. aureus	84%
graphene oxide nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide	E. coli	98.5%	loss of cellular integrity	[9]
graphene oxide nanosheets	E. coli	89%	ROS-independent oxidative stress	[8]
graphene oxide fabric	E. coli	98%	cell membrane damage	[12]
PVK–graphene nanocomposite	E. coli	91%	direct contact	[13]
	B. subtilis	98%
graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide	P. aeruginosa	87%	loss of cell viability due to oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation	[14]
graphene oxide films	E. coli	89%	suggested that the edges of GO are not an integral part of its antimicrobial mechanism	[15]
graphene oxide nanosheet	E. coli	97.7%	‘wrapping’ effect of large GO nanosheets removing bacteria from access to available nutrients	[16]

^aAntibacterial efficacy should be regarded as indicative only as different protocols are used in different laboratories.