Table 1.

Comparison of key intervention components among three randomization groups and standard behavioral lifestyle intervention used in the landmark Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial. SMBG: self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Intervention components		Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes)	Paper group	Mobile group	Usual care and education
Self-monitoring
	Self-monitoring of diet	Paper diaries given to monitor meals, calories, fat goals	In addition to Look AHEAD protocol, add a focus on self-monitoring of carb intake, SMBG, and self-monitoring of weight	Use smartphone app with connected glucometer to monitor the same parameters as the paper group	No, diabetes educator may do one dietary recall during an education visit or give general recommendations to carb counting
	Self-monitoring of physical activity	Paper diaries given to monitor exercise minutes, calories burned	Same as Look AHEAD group	Smartphone app	No
	Daily self-monitoring of weight	Not part of the intervention	Yes, a weight scale, and place in a paper diary to document	Provide a wireless weight scale and its companion smartphone app for daily weight monitoring	No
	Self-monitoring of blood glucose	Not part of the intervention	Recommend every other day at the recruiting center, free glucometer and strips once every other day, our study will supplement strips for daily SMBG	Provide wireless glucometer and its companion smartphone app and strips for daily SMBG	Recommend every other day at the recruiting center, free glucometer and strips once every other day, our study will supplement strips for daily SMBG
Behavioral intervention sessions		Month 1-6, weekly sessions (3 group + 1 individual)	11 group sessions + 1 individual session in the first 6 months	Same as paper group	No
Usual care and diabetes education			Same as usual care and education group	Same as usual care and education group	3 group classes and follow up classes as needed with diabetes educators, physician visit about every 6 months depending on condition
Meal replacement		Yes	No	No	Not recommended at the recruitment site