Table 1.
Number of individuals (%) with subclinical atherosclerosis endpoints by participant characteristics.
| N | combined atherosclerosis | presence of coronary calcium | presence of carotid plaque | presence of femoral plaque | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| overall | 73 | 54 (74.0) | 28 (38.4) | 29 (39.7) | 40 (54.8) |
| age (years) | |||||
| ≤50 | 43 | 28 (65.1) | 11 (25.5) | 14 (32.6) | 20 (46.5) |
| >50 | 30 | 26 (86.7) | 17 (56.7) | 15 (50.0) | 20 (66.7) |
| completed education | |||||
| ≥high-school | 32 | 21 (65.6) | 11 (34.4) | 11 (34.4) | 17 (53.1) |
| <high-school | 41 | 33 (80.4) | 17 (41.5) | 18 (43.9) | 23 (56.1) |
| body mass index (kg m−2) | |||||
| <30 | 54 | 38 (70.4) | 21 (38.9) | 20 (37.0) | 27 (50.0) |
| ≥30 | 19 | 16 (84.2) | 7 (36.8) | 9 (47.4) | 13 (68.4) |
| smoking status | |||||
| never | 16 | 9 (56.3) | 5 (31.3) | 4 (25.0) | 4 (25.0) |
| ever | 57 | 45 (79.0) | 23 (40.4) | 25 (43.9) | 36 (63.2) |
| hypertension | |||||
| no | 41 | 28 (68.3) | 14 (34.1) | 10 (24.4) | 21 (21.2) |
| yes | 32 | 26 (81.3) | 14 (43.8) | 19 (59.4) | 19 (59.3) |
| diabetes | |||||
| no | 67 | 49 (73.1) | 26 (38.8) | 26 (38.8) | 36 (53.7) |
| yes | 6 | 5 (83.3) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (50.0) | 4 (66.7) |
| dyslipidaemia | |||||
| no | 27 | 20 (74.0) | 9 (33.3) | 11 (40.7) | 15 (55.5) |
| yes | 46 | 34 (73.9) | 19 (41.3) | 18 (39.1) | 25 (54.3) |
| inorganic arsenic (µg g−1) | |||||
| ≤7.36 | 36 | 28 (77.8) | 15 (41.7) | 17 (47.2) | 18 (50.0) |
| >7.36 | 37 | 26 (70.3) | 13 (35.1) | 12 (32.4) | 22 (59.5) |
| cadmium (µg g−1) | |||||
| ≤0.33 | 37 | 25 (67.6) | 15 (40.5) | 12 (32.4) | 16 (43.2) |
| >0.33 | 36 | 29 (80.6) | 13 (36.1) | 17 (47.2) | 24 (66.7) |
| antimony (µg g−1) | |||||
| ≤0.11 | 36 | 24 (66.7) | 13 (36.1) | 14 (38.9) | 17 (47.2) |
| >0.11 | 37 | 30 (81.1) | 15 (40.5) | 15 (40.5) | 23 (62.2) |
| tungsten (µg g−1) | |||||
| ≤0.07 | 37 | 29 (78.4) | 14 (37.8) | 16 (43.2) | 23 (62.1) |
| >0.07 | 36 | 25 (69.4) | 14 (38.9) | 13 (36.1) | 17 (47.2) |