Table 2.

Mean ± SD of the BCAA and androgen metabolite pattern factor scores according to background characteristics of 213 Project Viva mother-child pairs

	N	BCAA pattern factor score	Pa	Androgen pattern factor score	Pa
Maternal & perinatal characteristics
Annual household income			0.05		0.02
≤$70 k	81	0.25 ± 1.49		0.27 ± 1.69
>$70 k	115	−0.17 ± 1.57		−0.25 ± 1.42
Smoking habits			0.21		0.23
Never	141	−0.15 ± 1.56		0.09 ± 1.55
Former	47	0.20 ± 1.43		−0.36 ± 1.62
Smoked in early pregnancy	25	0.29 ± 1.27		0.04 ± 1.52
Pre-pregnancy BMIb			0.008		0.25
Normal weight	114	−0.20 ± 1.54		−0.05 ± 1.56
Overweight	53	−0.11 ± 1.31		−0.28 ± 1.41
Obese	46	0.53 ± 1.53		0.36 ± 1.71
Gestational weight gain			0.18		0.27
Inadequate	23	−0.15 ± 1.95		−0.31 ± 1.30
Adequate	65	−0.24 ± 1.59		−0.08 ± 1.47
Excessive	125	0.12 ± 1.36		0.07 ± 1.66
Gestational glucose tolerance			0.68		0.53
Normoglycemic	163	0.00 ± 1.52		−0.06 ± 1.61
Isolated hyperglycemia	28	−0.18 ± 1.44		0.18 ± 1.20
Impaired glucose tolerance	6	1.25 ± 1.28		−0.85 ± 2.21
Gestational diabetes	17	−0.39 ± 1.42		0.32 ± 1.41
Duration of any breastfeeding			0.52		0.20
<1 months	33	−0.05 ± 1.58		0.30 ± 1.34
1–<7 months	71	0.27 ± 1.32		−0.20 ± 1.80
7–<12 months	40	−0.74 ± 1.53		0.25 ± 1.60
≥12 months	47	0.11 ± 1.48		−0.38 ± 1.31
Child’s characteristics at baseline (mid-childhood visit)
Age			0.73		0.03
<7 years	12	−0.14 ± 1.18		−0.39 ± 1.49
7 to <8 years	129	−0.03 ± 1.56		−0.16 ± 1.41
≥8 years	72	0.02 ± 1.47		0.30 ± 1.79
Race/ethnicity			0.76		0.003
White	125	−0.03 ± 1.51		−0.25 ± 1.49
Black	46	0.15 ± 1.36		0.71 ± 1.77
Hispanic	15	−0.27 ± 1.55		0.15 ± 1.29
Other	28	−0.13 ± 1.72		−0.27 ± 1.36
Sex			0.36		0.80
Male	104	−0.12 ± 1.49		−0.05 ± 1.60
Female	109	0.07 ± 1.52		0.01 ± 1.53
Weight statusc			<0.0001		0.0004
Normal weight	122	−0.48 ± 1.46		−0.29 ± 1.44
Overweight	23	0.49 ± 1.26		−0.38 ± 1.50
Obese	68	0.68 ± 1.38		0.59 ± 1.65
Pubertal status			0.93		0.01
Pre-pubertal	144	−0.02 ± 1.51		−0.22 ± 1.53
Pubertal	60	0.00 ± 1.48		0.38 ± 1.56

^aRepresents a test for linear trend for ordinal variables, and a type 3 test for difference for dichotomous and categorical (race/ethnicity and smoking habits)

^bAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) adult weight status classification. “Normal weight” includes 4 women classified as “underweight.”

^cAccording to the CDC 2000 age- and sex-specific reference data. “Normal weight” includes 4 children classified as underweight (BMI <5th percentile).