Table 2.
Statistics for Candidate Predictor Variables for Visit 1 (60 to 136 weeks’ gestation) and Visit 3 (220 to 296 weeks’ gestation): Numbers and Proportions of Participants with Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB; AHI ≥5), Means by SDB Status, and Odds Ratios for Associations between Candidate Predictor Variables and SDB
| Candidate predictor variables | Visit 1 N = 3264 |
Visit 3 N = 2512 |
New Onset at Visit 3 N = 2258* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Descriptive Statistic |
Odds Ratio** (95% CI) |
Descriptive Statistic |
Odds Ratio** (95% CI) |
Descriptive Statistic | Odds Ratio** (95% CI) | |
| Total: n (%) SDB | 115 (3.5) | 207 (8.2) | 132 (5.8) | |||
| Maternal age at Visit 1, in years | ||||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | ||||||
| SDB | 29.7 (5.9) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 29.8 (5.5) | 1.7 (1.5, 2.0) | 29.8 (5.1) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.1) |
| no SDB | 26.7 (5.6) | reference | 26.7 (5.3) | reference | 26.7 (5.3) | reference |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Category: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| 13–21 | 11 (1.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 13 (2.8) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | 8 (1.9) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) |
| 22–35 | 82 (3.5) | reference | 162 (8.6) | reference | 107 (6.3) | reference |
| >35 | 22 (10.0) | 3.1 (1.9, 5.1) | 32 (19.9) | 2.6 (1.7, 4.0) | 17 (12.6) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.7) |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Maternal race: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| White Non-Hispanic | 66 (3.3) | reference | 124 (7.8) | reference | 83 (5.8) | reference |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 22 (5.3) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) | 32 (11.1) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 17 (7.1) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) |
| Hispanic | 15 (2.5) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) | 25 (5.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) | 17 (4.3) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) |
| Asian | 6 (4.9) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.5) | 14 (15.2) | 2.1 (1.2, 3.9) | 9 (10.7) | 1.9 (0.9, 4.0) |
| Other | 6 (3.8) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.7) | 12 (10.1) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) | 6 (5.6) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.3) |
| P-value | 0.1738 | 0.0126 | 0.2131 | |||
| Education status reported at Visit 1: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Less than high school | 8 (3.6) | reference | 8 (5.3) | reference | 3 (2.3) | reference |
| Completed high school or GED | 18 (4.4) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.9) | 17 (6.2) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.8) | 8 (3.3) | 1.4 (0.4, 5.5) |
| Some college | 28 (4.1) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) | 36 (7.0) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) | 23 (4.9) | 2.2 (0.6, 7.4) |
| Associate or technical degree | 19 (5.3) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.5) | 39 (13.9) | 2.9 (1.3, 6.3) | 24 (9.6) | 4.5 (1.3, 15.3) |
| Completed college | 24 (2.6) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) | 66 (8.7) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.6) | 45 (6.6) | 3.0 (0.9, 9.8) |
| Degree work beyond college | 18 (2.7) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 41 (7.7) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 29 (6.0) | 2.7 (0.8, 9.1) |
| P-value | 0.1459 | 0.0067 | 0.0227 | |||
| Smoked during 3 months before became pregnant: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | 30 (5.3) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 48 (11.7) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 28 (8.0) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) |
| No | 85 (3.2) | reference | 159 (7.6) | reference | 104 (5.5) | reference |
| P-value | 0.0120 | 0.0064 | 0.0685 | |||
| Chronic hypertension: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | 9 (12.9) | 4.2 (2.0, 8.6) | 18 (31.6) | 5.5 (3.1, 9.8) | 11 (24.4) | 5.5 (2.7, 11.1) |
| No | 105 (3.4) | reference | 188 (7.8) | reference | 121 (5.6) | reference |
| P-value | 0.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Hypothyroidism: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | 11 (6.4) | 1.9 (1.0, 3.7) | 22 (16.2) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.7) | 14 (11.8) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.1) |
| No | 101 (3.4) | reference | 178 (7.7) | reference | 114 (5.5) | reference |
| P-value | 0.0443 | 0.0007 | 0.0058 | |||
| Family history*** of diabetes: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | 42 (6.0) | 2.1 (1.4, 3.2) | 62 (11.4) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) | 36 (7.6) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) |
| No | 70 (2.9) | reference | 137 (7.2) | reference | 90 (5.2) | reference |
| P-value | 0.0001 | 0.0018 | 0.0480 | |||
| Family history*** of heart disease: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | 20 (7.7) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.8) | 26 (12.1) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) | 13 (7.3) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) |
| No | 69 (3.5) | reference | 124 (8.0) | reference | 81 (5.8) | reference |
| P-value | 0.0015 | 0.0452 | 0.4298 | |||
| Family history*** of hypertension: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | 53 (5.2) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.9) | 87 (10.8) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 56 (7.8) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) |
| No | 35 (2.9) | reference | 62 (6.6) | reference | 37 (4.4) | reference |
| P-value | 0.0058 | 0.0018 | 0.0051 | |||
| BMI at Visit 1, in kg/m2 | ||||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | ||||||
| SDB | 36.7 (8.3) | 2.9 (2.5, 3.4) | 33.4 (7.6) | 2.5 (2.2, 2.8) | 31.1 (6.2) | 2.0 (1.7, 2.2) |
| no SDB | 26.0 (6.0) | reference | 25.8 (5.8) | reference | 25.7 (5.8) | reference |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Category: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| <25 | 8 (0.5) | reference | 28 (2.1) | reference | 24 (2.0) | reference |
| 25 to <30 | 12 (1.5) | 3.2 (1.3, 7.8) | 41 (6.9) | 3.4 (2.1, 5.6) | 35 (6.4) | 3.5 (2.0, 5.9) |
| 30 to <35 | 33 (8.7) | 20.0 (9.2, 43.7) | 60 (19.3) | 11.0 (6.9, 17.6) | 38 (14.6) | 8.6 (5.0, 14.6) |
| ≥35 | 60 (17.2) | 43.7 (20.7, 92.2) | 76 (28.9) | 18.7 (11.8, 29.6) | 34 (16.8) | 10.1 (5.9, 17.5) |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| BMI at Visit 3, in kg/m2 | ||||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | ||||||
| SDB | -- | -- | 35.7 (6.7) | 2.5 (2.2, 2.8) | 33.9 (6.0) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.3) |
| no SDB | -- | -- | 28.6 (5.7) | reference | 28.5 (5.7) | reference |
| P-value | -- | -- | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||
| Category: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| <25 | -- | -- | 8 (1.2) | reference | 7 (1.2) | reference |
| 25 to <30 | -- | -- | 37 (3.9) | 3.2 (1.5, 6.9) | 31 (3.5) | 3.1 (1.3, 7.0) |
| 30 to <35 | -- | -- | 54 (12.2) | 11.0 (5.2, 23.4) | 39 (10.0) | 9.5 (4.2, 21.5) |
| ≥35 | -- | -- | 103 (25.3) | 26.9 (13.0, 56.0) | 54 (16.5) | 16.8 (7.5, 37.4) |
| P-value | -- | -- | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||
| Neck circumference at Visit 1, in cm | ||||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | ||||||
| SDB | 36.8 (4.6) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.3) | 35.5 (3.9) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.6) | 34.6 (2.7) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.2) |
| no SDB | 32.8 (2.8) | reference | 32.7 (2.8) | reference | 32.6 (2.7) | reference |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Category: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| <34 | 23 (1.1) | reference | 62 (3.8) | reference | 50 (3.3) | reference |
| 34 to 36.5 | 32 (4.6) | 4.3 (2.5, 7.5) | 73 (13.6) | 4.0 (2.8, 5.7) | 50 (10.6) | 3.5 (2.3, 5.2) |
| >36.5 | 56 (16.7) | 18.1 (11.0, 29.8) | 65 (25.8) | 8.8 (6.0, 12.9) | 27 (13.9) | 4.7 (2.9, 7.8) |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure at Visit 1, in mm Hg | ||||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | ||||||
| SDB | 116.5 (13.3) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.3) | 115.0 (11.8) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) | 114.0 (11.3) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) |
| no SDB | 108.8 (10.5) | reference | 108.5 (10.4) | reference | 108.5 (10.4) | reference |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Category: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| <140 | 107 (3.4) | reference | 197 (8.0) | reference | 126 (5.7) | reference |
| ≥140 | 5 (26.3) | 10.3 (3.6, 29.1) | 6 (42.9) | 8.6 (3.0, 25.1) | 4 (36.4) | 9.5 (2.7, 32.8) |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0004 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure at Visit 3, in mm Hg | ||||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | ||||||
| SDB | -- | -- | 116.6 (11.7) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.0) | 115.4 (10.8) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) |
| no SDB | -- | -- | 110.2 (10.6) | reference | 110.1 (10.6) | reference |
| P-value | -- | -- | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||
| Category: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| <140 | -- | -- | 201 (8.2) | reference | 131 (5.9) | reference |
| ≥140 | -- | -- | 4 (25.0) | 3.8 (1.2, 11.7) | 1 (8.3) | 1.5 (0.2, 11.3) |
| P-value | -- | -- | 0.0230 | 0.7224 | ||
| Frequent snoring**** in 4 weeks before Visit 1: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | 35 (8.6) | 3.9 (2.5, 6.2) | 64 (20.2) | 4.0 (2.8, 5.7) | 39 (14.3) | 3.6 (2.3, 5.5) |
| No | 43 (2.3) | reference | 87 (5.9) | reference | 59 (4.4) | reference |
| P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||
| Frequent snoring**** in 4 weeks before Visit 3: n (%) SDB | ||||||
| Yes | -- | -- | 106 (22.5) | 6.5 (4.6, 9.2) | 67 (16.8) | 6.1 (4.0, 9.2) |
| No | -- | -- | 58 (4.3) | reference | 40 (3.2) | reference |
| P-value | -- | -- | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||
*
Participants with AHI <5 at V1.
**
Odds ratios for continuous predictors are computed by logistic regression for a 1-standard deviation difference.
***
Father, mother, brother, sister, half-brother or half-sister.
****
Snoring ≥3 days per week