Figure 2.

Schematic representation of techniques to manufacture scaffold-free vascular grafts. (A) Cell-sheet TEVG approach involves the use of a dense and cohesive sheet of cells to create a tubular structure. The sheet is rolled around a mandrel and matured under dynamic conditions to develop vessel-like properties. (B) Hanging drop cells are accurately positioned into a mold in the microtissue aggregation approach (B). The production of ECM allows the merging of the aggregates in a complex structure. (C) Bioprinting exploits the extrusion of support material to increase the flexibility of the fabrication. An accurate design of support material and cells extruded in spheroids allows the creation of tubular structures.