Table 1.

TEVG applied in human studies.

Approaches	Applications	Scaffold materials and fabrication methods	Groups
Natural material-based TEVG	Graft as an extrahepatic portal vein bypass.	Decellularized human iliac vein seeded with autologous cells No commercial product	Sumitran-Holgersson and colleagues (Olausson et al., 2012)
	Lower extremity bypass surgery	Decellularized bovine carotid artery graft Commercial name: Artegraft, (North Brunswick, NJ)	Lin and colleagues (Lindsey et al., 2017)
Synthetic material-based TEVG	Arteriovenous (AV) shunt for heamodyalisis	Decellularization of PGA scaffolds seeded with cadaver SMCs. Commercial name: Humacyte, (Humacyte Incorporated, RTP, NC)	Dahl/Niklason and colleagues (Lawson et al., 2016)
Self-assembled TEVG	AV shunt for heamodyalisis access	Cell-sheet of human fibroblast in a shape of conduit. ECs were seeded in the graft after devitalization of the luminal side. Commercial name: Cytograft, (Cytograft Tissue Engineering, Inc.)	L'Heureux and colleagues (Wystrychowski et al., 2011)
	AV shunts for hemodialysis access	Cell-sheet of human fibroblast in a shape of conduit, without further endothelialization. Dehydrated and stored (−80°C) before clinical application. Commercial name: LifeLine™, (Cytograft Tissue Engineering, Inc.)	L'Heureux and colleagues (Wystrychowski et al., 2014)