Table 2. Demographic and clinical characteristics.
| HFrEF (n = 34) | Stroke (n = 26) | Control (n = 17) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | n (M/F) | 31/3 | 20/6 | 15/2 | 0.316 |
| Age | year | 56±13 | 58±11 | 56±14 | 0.684 |
| Height | cm | 166.2±7.8 | 162.4±8.6 | 164.8±7.3 | 0.183 |
| Weight | kg | 67.2±12.5 | 66.3±10.4 | 67.0±13.9 | 0.959 |
| BMI | kg/meter2 | 24.2±3.8 | 25.1±2.6 | 24.5±3.5 | 0.636 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | n (%) | 13 (38) | 17 (61) | - | 0.126 |
| Hyperlipidemia | n (%) | 5 (15) | 4 (14) | - | 1.000 |
| Smoking | n (%) | 4 (12) | 2 (7) | - | 0.678 |
| Diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 11 (32) | 5 (18) | - | 0.245 |
| Sleep apnea | n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | - | 0.207 |
| Coronary artery disease | n (%) | 4 (12) | 1 (4) | - | 0.363 |
| Atrial fibrillation | n (%) | 4 (12) | 2 (7) | - | 0.678 |
| Overweight | n (%) | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | - | 0.243 |
| Medication | |||||
| ACEI | n (%) | 2 (6) | 1 (4) | - | 1.000 |
| ARB | n (%) | 7 (20) | 5 (18) | - | 1.000 |
| B-blocker | n (%) | 17 (50)* | 6 (21) | - | <0.05 |
| Ca++ channel blocker | n (%) | 8 (24)* | 15 (54) | - | <0.05 |
| Diuretics | n (%) | 23 (68)* | 5 (18) | - | <0.05 |
| Nitrates | n (%) | 5 (15) | 8 (29) | - | 0.227 |
| Digoxin | n (%) | 12 (35)* | 3 (11) | - | <0.05 |
| Anti-arrhythmic | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | - | 1.000 | |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| LVEF | % | 32±14* | 64±10 | - | <0.05 |
| LVEDD | mm | 60±10.1* | 48±7 | - | <0.05 |
| LVESD | mm | 47±13* | 31±6 | - | <0.05 |
| Hb | g/dL | 13.1±2.6* | 14.6±1.7 | - | <0.05 |
| BNP | pg/mL | 549 (232–1605)* | 329 (182–1063) | - | <0.05 |
| Hemisphere lesion |
right: left |
11:15 |
Values except BNP are means ± SD; BNP is presented as median (25th to75th percentile)
Overweight is defined as BMI greater than or equal to 25
HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; M, male; F, female; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, Angiotensin II receptor blocker; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end systolic diameter; Hb, hemoglobin; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide.
*: p < 0.05, HFrEF vs. stroke; independent t-test for continuous variables and Chi-Squared test for categorical ones